Clinical Chemistry Numericals Practice Test

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• Which four components constitute the standard electrolyte panel plus a bicarbonate that is calculated?
• In the simplified quality scheme, CQI primarily focuses on which activity?
• Which condition best corresponds to primary hypergonadism?
• McArdle disease is caused by deficiency of which enzyme?
• Approximately what percentage of testosterone is free in plasma?
• Which condition is typically associated with elevated T3 and T4?
• Which protein is the primary carrier for basic drugs in plasma?
• How is prostatic ACP calculated?
• Which of the following is a correct statement about automatic micropipettors?
• Marker for bone resorption
• Capillary electrophoresis is best associated with which separation mechanism?
• Which two proteins serve as markers for CSF?
• Which of the following is a substrate for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in luminescent assays?
• Which medium is used for separation by both size and charge in electrophoresis?
• Beta-gamma bridging only on electrophoresis is most associated with which plasma component?
• Which statement is true about acid strength and pKa in relation to strong and weak acids?
• Which calcium-dye yields a violet color in the dye-binding approach?
• HbA1c testing should be repeated every how many months for patients noncompliant with targets?
• Which LD measurement method is more common?
• In primary hypothyroidism, which pattern best matches TSH, FT4, TT3/TT4, and T3 uptake?
• In normal serum, which LD isoenzyme predominates?
• An SDI value of 2.5 indicates poor performance.
• In Tyrosinemia Type II, deficiency of which enzyme?
• In skeletal muscle, which marker is most abundant according to the given abundance order CK1 > AST > Aldolase > LD4,5?
• Which of the following is a B1 hepatic disease?
• LD6 (Alcohol dehydrogenase) is associated with which condition?
• Which buffer is considered the principal buffer of intracellular fluids?
• In a Lineweaver–Burk plot, a competitive inhibitor shows which change in Vmax and Km?
• Which condition shows TSH normal, FT4 normal, TT3/TT4 low, and T3 uptake high due to low thyroid-binding globulin?
• Polarography and amperometry differ in that polarography measures current at which condition?
• Which condition corresponds to Cushing's syndrome due to autonomous adrenal cortisol production?
• Which diffusion-based ammonia measurement method uses a membrane containing nonactin/monactin?
• What fraction of extracellular fluid is intravascular (plasma)?
• Which apolipoprotein is predominantly distributed in HDL, chylomicrons, and acts as a LCAT activator?
• For a pH electrode, which is a valid option for the reference electrode tip?
• For individuals aged 20-29, what is the High Risk cut-off for total cholesterol?
• TBG levels depend on the levels of which substance?
• Which analyte is commonly protected from light during storage or handling?
• Pituitary adenoma size is defined as microadenoma or macroadenoma. A microadenoma is defined as less than how many centimeters?
• Which pairing correctly matches a cardioactive drug with its common indication?
• Normal anion gap is influenced by which serum constituent according to the material?
• The conductimetric method for ammonia detection relies on which observable change?
• On a Lineweaver-Burk plot of 1/v versus 1/[S], what is the y-intercept?
• In the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test, which pattern best distinguishes Cushing's disease from ectopic ACTH production?
• What is the most common cause of a high osmolal gap in clinical samples?
• Normal arterial pCO2 range is:
• Which type of glass is the most inexpensive?
• Which type of bond predominates in the secondary structure of proteins?
• What is another name for fluorometry?
• In the colorimetric chemical method, LB yields which color product?
• Estimated total body water for a 70 kg male is approximately how many liters?
• What type of study is used to verify the accuracy of a new analytical method against a reference method?
• Which method among the listed calcium measurement approaches uses atomic absorption spectroscopy?
• Which enzyme in the enzymatic cholesterol method is responsible for producing hydrogen peroxide in the reaction sequence?
• For CVA collection, how much initial volume should be discarded?
• What is commonly used as the basis to identify a solute in GC/HPLC?
• Which enzyme acts as a hydrolase and is used as a marker for liver disease?
• Gestational diabetes mellitus may convert to type 2 diabetes in 30–40% of cases within 10 years.
• Which female hormone is present in males?
• Which pair of agents is associated with hypokalemia due to intracellular potassium shift by increasing Na+/K+ ATPase activity?
• HbA1c diagnostic criterion requires the value to be met on how many occasions?
• For every 1°C increase in temperature, the multiplying factor for pCO2 is:
• If the pH of a solution is higher than a protein's isoelectric point, the protein will carry what net charge?
• What is the conventional unit for enzyme activity expressed as μmol per minute?
• The half-life of delta bilirubin is approximately how long?
• Deficiency of which vitamin leads to hemorrhage and bruising?
• Potassium concentration is approximately how many times higher inside cells than in extracellular fluid?
• Which method is the method of choice for continuous monitoring of ACP?
• Euthyroid with low TBG occurs in which situations?
• In drug transport, which protein predominantly binds drugs under acidic conditions?
• What is the normal serum osmolality range (in mOsm/kg)?
• What is the standard path length of a cuvet in most spectrophotometers?
• Ostwald Folin transfer pipets are described as having which characteristic?
• Which electrolyte primarily regulates the ATPase ion pumps?
• Stray light is tested using which instrument component?
• Which equation correctly represents the Lineweaver-Burk plot for enzyme kinetics?
• Which dye-binding reagent is specific but interfered by hemolysis and bilirubin?
• For individuals aged 45 with more than one risk factor, how often is screening recommended?
• In addition to chloride, which anion serves as an enzyme activator?
• Which calcium measurement method is categorized as colorimetric?
• What is the rpm range for a cytocentrifuge used for cell counts?
• Which laboratory parameter most directly indicates decreased hepatic synthetic function in cirrhosis?
• In gross hemolysis, which enzyme activity is most affected?
• First abnormality and recovery seen in hyperthyroidism is which index?
• Cholesterol is described as a secondary test for two functions; which results are correct?
• Which ALP isoenzyme resists heating at 65°C for 30 minutes?
• Blow-out (viscous) and Self-draining (non-viscous) describe which two pipette drainage characteristics, with BO and SD correspondences?
• Elevation of alkaline phosphatase in bone tumors is typically how many times ULN?
• Which protein is an acute-phase reactant?
• In electrophoresis, what term describes the movement of buffer ions and solvents within the support material?
• Which item is NOT listed as an important component of a fluorometer?
• Dissolved CO2 in blood (H2CO3) is calculated as:
• What is the normal albumin-to-creatinine ratio in mg/g?
• For absence (petit mal) seizures, which drug is preferred?
• Which hormone initially increases calcium and phosphate release after bone resorption and then excretes phosphate?
• Which statement correctly describes Arrhenius acid-base theory?
• What fasting period is recommended before triglyceride measurement?
• Which triglyceride level category indicates high risk for CHD?
• Which of the following is a fully synthetic opiate?
• Free PSA pattern relative to BPH and PC?
• Which photodetector is described as the most common and most sensitive for low light levels?
• Which statement correctly describes catecholamines (tyrosine-derived amines) in terms of solubility and half-life?
• What is the colored reaction product formed in the Reitman Frankel method (denoted as brown)?
• Severe vomiting and severe burns are associated with what change in chloride levels?
• What is the most common cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency?
• Which protein transports retinol (Vitamin A) in the blood?
• Prolonged storage of a specimen tends to cause which primary change?
• Which condition is caused by defective copper reabsorption leading to low copper levels?
• Which bilirubin form has higher CNS affinity, increasing the risk of kernicterus?
• What is the primary purpose of antiglycolytic agents in blood specimens used for glucose testing?
• Which anticoagulant is preferred for ABG analysis?
• What is considered the gold standard biomarker for acute myocardial infarction?
• Which hormone is part of the FLAT acronym for anterior pituitary tropic hormones?
• Cushing's syndrome is also known as hyperadrenalism because it affects which adrenal zones?
• Which form of mercury is primarily considered an environmental pollutant?
• By what factor does BUN convert to urea?
• The measuring electrode tip for a pH electrode is commonly made of which material?
• Which estrogen is described as cardioprotective and involved in coagulation?
• What is the free fraction percentage of T4 in plasma?
• What percent of T4 is bound to albumin in circulation?
• Which enzyme releases free cholesterol from macrophages?
• Niacin deficiency results in Pellagra. Which of the following best describes Pellagra?
• Type 3c diabetes involves loss of pancreatic polypeptides.
• For the sample type used in evaluating hemolysis effects, which is preferred?
• For viscous samples, which pipetting mode is recommended?
• In laboratory workflow, which phase includes test selection and physician identification?
• Thyrotoxicosis is associated with exposure to which trace element?
• In the D/L designation, the D form corresponds to the OH group on the penultimate carbon pointing to the:
• In hereditary hemochromatosis, which pattern is expected on an iron panel?
• Panic values for pCO2 are at which values?
• Which laboratory method is used to detect urinary estrogen via a color reaction and yields pink on a positive result?
• In flame photometry, which color corresponds to lithium emission?
• Which statement about random errors is true?
• What is the reference method for lipoprotein analysis?
• Which statement correctly defines Positive Predictive Value?
• Lp(a) density is similar to which lipoprotein?
• Which term describes the migration of small ions during electrophoresis?
• Which reaction type characterizes the Oliver-Rosalki CK determination method?
• Which infection decreases CRP?
• Which BAC range corresponds to stupor?
• Which enzyme tends to rise earliest in pancreatitis?
• Which disease is primarily associated with elevated HVA and VMA in urine measured by HPLC?
• Which tumor is associated with increased VMA and HVA due to dopamine involvement?
• What are the two calibration methods for micropipettors?
• The photomultiplier tube (PMT) amplifies light by approximately how many times?
• In the Biuret reagent, which base is used?
• The indirect pathway of HDL cholesterol return to the liver involves CETP-mediated exchange. Which option best describes this pathway?
• Which of the following best describes the two items given in the notes?
• What is the preferred sitting time for cholesterol testing?
• Which of the following is NOT among the three most osmotically active particles in serum?
• Euthyroid Sick Syndrome is also known as what?
• Calcitonin is most closely associated with which thyroid disease?
• Which hypothalamic releasing hormone stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary?
• The Renal Panel is BMP-like but with which specific changes?
• Which thyroid hormone is considered the inactive form?
• Which hormone from the anterior pituitary stimulates the production of thyroid hormones?
• Which marker best reflects hepatic synthetic function?
• Coagulation QC is performed with how many levels and how often?
• Which tissue responds to oxytocin to promote lactation?
• Which biochemical marker is used to assess bone resorption in osteoporosis?
• Which group of antibiotics is listed?
• Which of the following is listed as an additional hypernatremia cause?
• Lucey-Driscoll Syndrome is due to which mechanism?
• Which radioisotope is most commonly used in gamma counting and what is its approximate half-life?
• Drug metabolism occurs primarily in which organ?
• Which of the following is NOT a Dye Lake dye?
• In malnutrition indicators, transthyretin is used as a marker for which condition?
• CK is a _____ (protein unit).
• If 10% contamination with 5% dextrose occurs, the glucose reading can increase by how many mg/dL?
• In Step 2 of the 2-step GDM test, how many of the four time-point thresholds must be exceeded to diagnose GDM?
• Which protein remains negatively charged even in acidic pH?
• Prostaglandins are derived from which parent molecule?
• The measuring electrode buffer for a pH electrode is typically which salt solution?
• Normal BUN-to-creatinine ratio is typically within which range?
• Which marker measures very short glycemic control over about 1-2 weeks?
• Which two analgesics listed do not require therapeutic drug monitoring?
• Molality is defined as
• Which factor inhibits growth hormone secretion?
• What is the DPMO (defects per million opportunities) for Six Sigma?
• What term describes the total range of wavelengths transmitted between two points?
• Which specimens are commonly used for measuring HVA/VMA by HPLC?
• In the Kober test for urinary estrogen, which reagent yields a pink color with sulfuric acid?
• Which Aldolase isoenzyme is predominantly found in skeletal muscle?
• Which apolipoprotein serves as the remnant receptor ligand recognizing chylomicron and VLDL remnants for hepatic uptake?
• If a blood sample is contaminated with intravenously infused fluids, which analyte is most likely to show an artificial increase?
• Which element has an atomic weight approximately 36?
• In indirect calculation of LDL-C, which set of values is required?
• Which electrophoresis pattern is associated with juvenile cirrhosis?
• Which term describes 'Any test on any sample at any sequence' in automation?
• For whole blood, which approach can be used with slight modifications (pre-wetting first)?
• What are the two lights described in fluorometers?
• Which parameter represents proportional systematic error?
• Which CK isoenzymes are described as heat sensitive at 60°C?
• In the Porter-Silber test for hydroxycorticosteroids, which reagent is used and what color is observed?
• Hyponatremia due to vomiting and diarrhea is due to which mechanism?
• Anodic stripping voltammetry is used to detect which metals?
• According to the material, which of the following is listed as a polar phospholipid?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as ionizing radiation?
• Which two urinary metabolites are used to assess testosterone activity?
• What is the product of inner deiodination of T4?
• Which enzyme category uses ATP in its reaction?
• Which pattern on electrophoresis indicates an acute inflammation/ Immediate response pattern?
• Which apolipoprotein serves as a surrogate marker for HDL?
• Transferrin formula
• Verapamil belongs to which class of antiarrhythmic drugs?
• During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, which sequence occurs?
• Which metabolite is the end product of dopamine metabolism?
• Which components define acid-base balance among the listed electrolytes?
• Which luminescence technique uses ruthenium tris chelate as a substrate?
• If you list both cytocentrifuge speed and osmolality specimen in a single statement, which would be correct?
• Normal phase HPLC is characterized by what?
• What percentage of serum calcium is protein-bound?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a regulator of body water balance?
• Which liver function is affected last as hepatitis progresses?
• Panic values for pH are at which level(s)?
• MODY stands for mature onset of Diabetes of the Young.
• Which method for ethanol measurement is described as enzymatic?
• Which hypothalamic releasing hormone stimulates growth hormone release from the anterior pituitary?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a cause of hypomagnesemia?
• Inverted A:G ratio is significant in which condition?
• Which lipoprotein density range is 1.006 to 1.019?
• In galactosemia, which enzyme deficiency is most common?
• What is the listed critical range for sodium?
• Which chart can only detect systematic error?
• In a thyroid follicle, where are the follicular cells located relative to the colloid?
• Which of the following are optical methods for protein measurement?
• Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase is associated with the conversion of uric acid to which compound?
• Metal fume fever is most strongly associated with inhalation of fumes of which element?
• Which protein is NOT listed as one of the alpha-1 globulins in the material?
• During the 2-hour OGTT, how many blood draws are typically performed?
• Which process cycle is used in Six Sigma methodology?
• Which molecule is an organic coenzyme?
• Which instrument is used to measure NADPH in the reference method?
• Which statement correctly describes reflectance photometry?
• What instrument is used to measure rotor speed during centrifuge calibration?
• Liquid excess anticoagulant effect leads to which change?
• Which medication is listed as a cause of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis (HARDASS)?
• Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) features which of the following?
• For photosensitive materials, which glass type is used?
• The Van de Berg modification of Ehrlich reagent adds what to the reaction as an accelerator?
• In the context of reference interval vs reportable range, which statement is correct about the reportable range?
• Which marker is used postoperatively to monitor thyroid cancer?
• Which stage comes after euphoria in the ethanol impairment sequence?
• Measured osmolality minus calculated osmolality is called what?
• Which transporter pumps free cholesterol to lipid-poor HDL to form nascent pre-B HDL?
• After heating at 56°C for 10 minutes, what are the expected residual activities for bone and liver ALP?
• Which two drugs induce GGT?
• Which pair of reagents corresponds to the two calcium precipitation techniques?
• Which of the following is a recognized class of enzymes?
• What is the correct expression for the anion gap as described in the material?
• Best HUS marker since it is not an APR
• For UV and IR spectral measurements, which material is commonly used for sample cells?
• Enzymes with the same catalytic activity but different structures are called what?
• Which regulator is released in response to increased plasma osmolality and acts on the kidneys to conserve water?
• Which specimen is appropriate for measuring inorganic phosphate given diurnal variation?
• 1 mole D-Glucose equals how many osmoles when dissolved in water?
• Which is the reference method for amylase determination?
• What is the reference range for albumin in serum?
• In linear regression, the slope corresponds to which type of error?
• Which statement about calcium distribution is true?
• Which enzyme is required to break down the muscle relaxants succinylcholine and mivacurium?
• A flat gamma curve on serum protein electrophoresis is most closely associated with which condition?
• Bisalbuminemia can lead to which clinical implication?
• Absorbance accuracy in spectrophotometry is checked using which combination?
• In females, FSH primarily stimulates which processes?
• Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia is due to which condition?
• Which test is used as a screening test for primary adrenal insufficiency?
• Which statistical test is used to compare the means of two groups?
• Which molecule mediates cell adhesion and is involved in wound healing?
• In arterial blood gas sample handling, pH decreases by how much for every 20-minute delay?
• Which material is used as the membrane for the sodium-selective ion electrode?
• Niacin deficiency presents with Pellagra. Which vitamin is Niacin?
• Which lipoprotein is the most atherogenic?
• Which test is used as a screening test for primary hypercortisolism?
• Which enzyme is NOT part of the enzymatic cholesterol method?
• Which biomarker is commonly used as an index of overall renal function?
• Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma is most commonly associated with which type of diabetes?
• Base ideal body weight used in Cockcroft-Gault for male and female before height adjustments is?
• Which dispersive element yields non-linear dispersion and is used for higher frequency light?
• For compliant diabetes patients, HbA1c should be tested how often?
• Severe burns are listed as a hyponatremia cause via which mechanism?
• Which condition would increase the ionized fraction of calcium?
• Neonatal jaundice is noted at how many days of life?
• Slight elevation of LD corresponds to which ULN range?
• Which of the following is used in the evaluation of pheochromocytoma?
• In a Cusum chart, which axis represents the run number?
• Approximately how many grams does 1 milliliter of pure water weigh?
• For therapeutic drug monitoring, which methods are used for screening and confirmatory testing?
• For which tube type is the inversion exception 5 times?
• Electrophoretic mobility: which lipoprotein shows alpha mobility?
• What is the maximum total error allowed for HDL-C measurements under NCEP guidelines?
• Which method is the reference method for ethanol measurement?
• Normal arterial pH range is:
• In drug of abuse testing, which pairing is used for screening and confirmation?
• Which markers are used to monitor breast cancer therapy?
• Which gas is NOT listed as a mobile phase in the source material for gas chromatography?
• Decreased albumin with increased a1 and a2 is most associated with which condition according to the material?
• What are the products of the initial reaction when beta-D-glucose is oxidized by glucose oxidase?
• Which markers are predominantly elevated in biliary obstruction?
• If early screening in pregnancy is negative for GDM, when is glucose testing repeated?
• For osmolality determination, which specimen is listed in the material?
• In Step 1 of the two-step GDM screening, what 1-hour plasma glucose threshold prompts proceeding to Step 2?
• Which test provides an indirect measure of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)?
• Which value represents the acceptable total error for triglyceride measurements under NCEP guidelines?
• Compared to a weak acid, a strong acid has what pKa value?
• Which method is described as expensive and sensitive for urea determination?
• In the Porter-Silber test for hydroxycorticosteroids, what color is produced when DNPH is used?
• Which of the following is a calcineurin inhibitor?
• Which of the following is a classic cause of increased anion gap metabolic acidosis?
• Which condition is a known stimulant of growth hormone secretion?
• Reye's syndrome is characterized by a threefold increase in which markers?
• When pH is not directly measured, which method is commonly used to estimate pH in buffer systems?
• In flame photometry, which statement is true?
• What is the titrant used in the method?
• In rapid screening methods for trace elements, the sample used is urine.
• In PCOS laboratory assessment, which parameter most directly reflects circulating free androgen activity?
• Compared with serum or plasma, whole blood glucose is typically lower by about what percentage?
• TC pipets are calibrated with which substance?
• What is measured by a pCO2 electrode as CO2 is present in the sample?
• A patient specimen shows increased pCO2, decreased pO2, and decreased pH. This pattern is most consistent with:
• Which of the following is a measuring pipet?
• What is the upper limit of the normal osmolal gap (mOsm/kg)?
• In ABG analysis, a bicarbonate/carbonic acid ratio of less than 20:1 indicates:
• In cirrhosis, which laboratory pattern is typical?
• Which material is used for sample cells in the visible light region?
• Citrate tubes have an inversion exception of how many times?
• A noticeable error in indirect LDL estimation occurs when TAG exceeds what value?
• Which of the following are examples of automation systems?
• According to the critical values list, what is the critical glucose range?
• For artifactual or pseudohyperkalemia, which factor is a common laboratory cause?
• In kidney disease, BUN is high in blood and high in urine; in liver disease, BUN is low in blood with a BUN ratio less than 10:1.
• Which analytical technique involves fragmentation and ionization of molecules for analysis?
• On linear graph paper in spectrophotometry, what is plotted on the y-axis?
• Which particle has the highest triglyceride content?
• If pseudocholinesterase is absent, what condition is expected?
• Vancomycin administration may cause which syndrome?
• What is the typical turnaround time for routine laboratory testing?
• Which statement best describes autoantibody association in type 1 diabetes?
• In a basal fasting state, which analyte is commonly measured to assess carbohydrate metabolism?
• Which mediator is produced by the liver and mediates the action of growth hormone?
• Which is the most potent estrogen?
• What is the color observed in the standard alkaline phosphatase colorimetric method?
• Kasha disease is a deficiency of which trace element?
• Which protein binds PSA and is increased in Alzheimer's disease?
• Which two hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?
• In the equation y = mx + b, what does m denote?
• TD pipets are calibrated with which liquid?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a use of fluorometers in the source material?
• What is the most common point-of-care testing (POCT)?
• Von Gierke disease (Type I glycogen storage disease) is due to deficiency of which enzyme?
• What does PAGE stand for in electrophoresis terminology?
• Which tumor increases hCG only?
• In Homocystinuria, deficiency of which enzyme?
• In renal dysfunction, which statement best describes urine amylase and urine creatinine levels?
• In fluorescence polarization immunoassay, polarization is inversely related to the analyte concentration.
• Tolbutamide is administered by which route in this context?
• A photodetector converts energy from which form to electrical energy?
• Which protein has the highest concentration in the alpha-1 band during electrophoresis?
• Spectroscopy is categorized into two main groups. Which list correctly pairs examples for emission and absorption methods?
• In nutritional status assessment, which sequence correctly orders the markers from highest to lowest as listed?
• What is the length range given for microwaves?
• What is the ADA pre-prandial glucose goal?
• Which pairing correctly matches triglyceride appearance with approximate level?
• What is the prohormone of thyroglobulin?
• Kasahara isoenzyme is associated with which cancer?
• Which metals can cross the placenta?
• What is the maximum coefficient of variation allowed for LDL-C measurements under NCEP guidelines?
• Which patient preparation is recommended for catecholamine testing?
• Which indicator is used in the method?
• Six Sigma is applied primarily to achieve what?
• Under alkaline conditions, which is the primary drug transport protein?
• In the context described, which parameter is the ion-selective electrode reading used to derive bicarbonate for the anion gap calculation?
• Which is the best indicator of precision in a laboratory measurement?
• Which vitamin is notably sensitive to light and should be protected from light during handling?
• What is the reference range commonly cited for alkaline phosphatase activity in U/L?
• In the G6PD-based method, what spectrophotometric detection is used?
• In the provided notes, Six Sigma is applied to achieve what?
• Which material is used as the chloride-selective membrane in ion-selective electrodes?
• What is the molecular weight of alpha-2 macroglobulin?
• Which pair best describes electromagnetic radiation?
• Which sequence correctly expands the PDCA cycle?
• Dementia associated with dialysis is linked to which metal?
• Continuous Monitoring/Kinetic assays are defined by which feature?
• Which enzyme is a transferase used as a marker for liver disease?
• One example of secondary hyperuricemia is which condition?
• Which hormones are said to perform gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis?
• Which paracrine regulator of insulin and glucagon is produced by delta cells of the pancreas?
• Which of the following is a laboratory method used to measure magnesium?
• Coenzymes that are tightly bound to the enzyme are called?
• What is the recommended fasting duration for triglycerides and lipoproteins?
• In the AST assay employing MDH, what is the reaction product?
• The upper limit value of the cytocentrifuge speed range is which of the following?
• Which has about 10-40% carbohydrate content?
• Which antibody is most characteristic of Graves disease?
• Which metal is associated with destruction of type 1 alveolar epithelial cells in the lungs and increased resistance to certain bacterial infections?
• How many types of thermometers are listed?
• What are the two major sources of ACP?
• Which of the following is a storage function of the liver?
• What are the two most common chromogens used in Trinder-type glucose assays?
• Which of the following describes polyacrylamide-based gel electrophoresis?
• Which substrate is associated with the King-Armstrong method for alkaline phosphatase measurement?
• What is the normal anion gap range without including potassium?
• Which photodetector is noted for excellent linearity?
• Which tests are used to evaluate subclinical or subacute hyper- or hypothyroidism?
• Which technique is typically categorized as potentiometry?
• What is the critical range for pCO2 in arterial blood gas values?
• Type 3a diabetes involves genetic defects for beta cells.
• Which diagnostic test is used for confirming GDM, DM, and impaired glucose tolerance?
• Which two anterior pituitary hormones act as insulin antagonists?
• Which drug is nephrotoxic and ototoxic?
• Which dye-binding reagent is most specific and precise for albumin measurement?
• Which ion is listed as an inorganic anion activator (cofactor)?
• Which enzyme is the best marker for alcoholism?
• Which equation represents Planck's formula relating energy to frequency?
• Fuller's Earth adsorbent is composed of which silicate?
• The MDRD equation for estimating GFR uses which variables?
• Which element is associated with Minamata disease (mercury poisoning)?
• Which hypothalamic releasing hormone stimulates the release of FSH and LH?
• Which protein is associated with obesity as a marker in the material?
• Which equation corresponds to the De Long method for estimating VLDL in mg/dL?
• The limit of detection for CLIA is expressed as zeptomoles, equal to which exponent?
• What is the major CK isoenzyme in skeletal muscle, constituting about 94-100%?
• In chemical storage, acids should be stored separately from bases.
• Initial control limits are established by analyzing controls over how many consecutive days?
• What is the reference method for electrolytes?
• An advantage of carbonic acid as the main buffer is that it can provide H+ and HCO3- for buffering.
• Which lipase determination method measures the rate of clearing by turbidity?
• Which biomarker is commonly used to predict prognosis in AKI and is listed as an early predictor?
• What is a synonym for analytical sensitivity?
• Which of the following is NOT a proliferation signal inhibitor?
• Which immunoassay for thyroxine testing is indirectly proportional?
• Which hormone is increased in primary hypothyroidism and decreased in primary hyperthyroidism?
• Gross hemolysis can falsely elevate CK measurements due to the release of which enzyme?
• Which hormone acts as a negative feedback signal to inhibit growth hormone secretion?
• DPMO is most commonly associated with which quality framework?
• Plastic tubing is commonly made from which polymer?
• Which marker is used as an obesity marker in the material provided?
• In ectopic Cushing syndrome, what is the pattern for cortisol, ACTH, and high-dose dexamethasone suppression test?
• Which defect is associated with Gilbert Syndrome among hepatic B1 diseases?
• Which drugs contribute to hyperkalemia by inhibiting uptake by the heart via Na+/K+ ATPase?
• The chorion is composed of which two layers?
• Prolonged bedrest decreases which serum protein?
• Which of the following is a cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis due to unmeasured anions?
• Which expression represents the FTI formula?
• Equivalent weight is calculated as
• Which of the following is NOT listed as a common interference in Trinder-type glucose assays?
• Which lipoprotein is described as floating prebetalipoprotein with high cholesterol content?
• The most common cause of hyperbilirubinemia is
• The measuring electrode covering membrane for a pCO2 electrode is typically which material?
• Which substance is most commonly abused worldwide?
• Which immunoassay for thyroxine testing corresponds to a microparticle EIA with an ELISA sandwich format?
• VLDL is faster than LDL in electrophoresis because VLDL is more negatively charged. True or false?
• Which option is NOT one of the three basic automation approaches?
• Quaternary structure is stabilized by which interactions?
• In normal serum, what percentage of calcium is ionized?
• Midnight salivary cortisol in primary hypercortisolism is typically what?
• The T-test formula described uses the difference between means as its numerator. Which expression represents this?
• Which is an acute complication of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
• Which cell type of the anterior pituitary gland secretes prolactin?
• Which two agents are listed as bronchodilators?
• Which enzyme catalyzes the iodination and coupling steps forming MIT/DIT and T3/T4 during thyroid hormone synthesis?
• The metabolic product marker for critical medical conditions is lactate above what value?
• In a pH electrode, what is the typical material used for the measuring electrode's covering membrane?
• Which speed value is exactly at the upper limit of 200-1000 rpm?
• For every degree Celsius increase, the reaction rate approximately doubles? (temperature rule)
• What is the absorbance maximum for the Evelyn-Malloy method?
• Peak-level collection times for different administration routes are: IV after 30 minutes, IM after 60 minutes, Oral after 1-2 hours.
• Electroendosmosis causes the gamma globulin band to migrate toward which electrode during electrophoresis?
• Tangier disease is associated with ABCA1 mutation and very low HDL. Which condition is this?
• Which accelerator is used in the Evelyn-Malloy method?
• In questions, a highly sensitive and specific method is referred to as which type of method?
• Which test is used to assess long-term glycemic control?
• Which of the following is a common support medium for electrophoresis?
• What is the most common source of loss of linearity in a spectrophotometer?
• In progressive liver disease, which hepatic function tends to decline last?
• Which method is typically used for calcium determination by titration?
• How often should semi-automated micropipettors be calibrated?
• Which method is used to separate and quantify catecholamine metabolites such as HVA and VMA in urine?
• Which metabolite is produced by anaerobic glycolysis?
• Inhibition by wheat germ lectin, which amylase isoenzyme is inhibited?
• Inappropriate ACTH production refers to which condition?
• Normality can be expressed as which of the following?
• Which glass releases alkali as described in the material?
• Which statement about T3 production is correct?
• Which test differentiates neurogenic DI and primary polydipsia from nephrogenic DI?
• After precipitation or color method, which chelating agent is commonly used to separate calcium from dyes and reach endpoint color?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as an early or late biomarker of AKI?
• Addison's disease affects sodium and potassium balance due to hypoaldosteronism. Which electrolyte pattern is typical?
• What density and duration are used in ultracentrifugation for HDL-C isolation?
• In LDL homogeneous assay, which component is measured enzymatically after separation?
• Ammonia constitutes what percent of total non-protein nitrogen (NPN)?
• What color is produced by the Jaffe reaction when creatinine reacts with the Jaffe reagent?
• Which sequence correctly lists the three stages of alcoholic liver disease?
• Placenta: which effect regarding insulin?
• Which type of silica glassware is considered best among three silica glassware options?
• How long can refrigerated serum samples be stored before analysis?
• Which is the most potent hallucinogen?
• RAUI measures thyroidal uptake of iodine after an oral dose of which isotope?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as one of the two most common interferences in hexokinase glucose measurement?
• Which criterion is used to stage acute kidney injury?
• Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting glycolysis, cellular uptake, glycogenesis, and lipogenesis?
• In the Reitman Frankel transaminase assay, which reagent is used to form hydrazones?
• Which odor is characteristic of cyanide exposure?
• Under CLIA, non-waived quantitative tests require how many control levels per day?
• What happens to pCO2 and pH when air bubbles are present in the sample?
• In insulinoma, the expected lab pattern is insulin high, proinsulin high, C-peptide high, and B-hydroxybutyric acid low.
• According to NCEP goals, if CHD is present, the LDL-C target is:
• In electrophoresis scatter, which pattern is associated with small particles?
• Which lyase is clinically significant?
• Venous blood glucose is typically how much lower than capillary or arterial blood?
• In the Jaffe method, the kinetic improvement involves measuring absorbance at which?
• What is the most common treatment for Conn's syndrome?
• Which enzyme category is known for introducing or removing double bonds (creating double bonds)?
• Which detection methods are used for glucose oxidase–based measurements?
• Which sequence correctly orders reagent grades from purest to least pure?
• Which pairing correctly matches a testosterone disorder with its typical cause?
• Thiamine deficiency can cause which conditions?
• Glucose decreases per hour under room temperature conditions?
• Which of the following is an enzyme commonly measured in clinical chemistry?
• In atomic absorption spectroscopy, which categories of interference are recognized?
• For detecting pheochromocytoma, which metabolites are primarily measured?
• For most drugs in therapeutic drug monitoring, what is the preferred specimen?
• Which of the following is NOT a hallucinogen?
• Which condition is described as a hyponatremia cause associated with hypoaldosteronism?
• Which method is NOT used for apolipoprotein assays?
• What type of centrifuge head is used for microhematocrit tubes?
• Which substrate is characteristic for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in luminescent assays?
• Which set of changes is characteristic of uremia?
• Which hormone from the anterior pituitary stimulates ovulation and testosterone production?
• By how many fold is 24-hour urine free cortisol typically increased in primary hypercortisolism?
• Which molecule is the other organic coenzyme listed besides NAD/NADH?
• A spike of alpha-2 macroglobulin (A2) is most characteristic of which condition?
• Nagao isoenzyme is associated with which cancer?
• Which condition yields the highest elevation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP)?
• Amylase normalization in acute pancreatitis occurs typically within which time frame?
• Which set represents the three categories of psychoactive drugs/antidepressants listed?
• What blank is used to correct absorbance due to reagent color?
• Which pair of diseases is associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?
• The SI prefix corresponding to 10^2, as listed in the material, is which?
• Which analyte is commonly preserved by chilling the sample immediately after collection?
• Which chromatography form uses a stationary phase in a column?
• The SI prefix for 10^18 is which of the following?
• Which combination of hormones originates from the skin and liver respectively?
• Which hormone is higher in the late afternoon/PM due to diurnal variation?
• Which hormones characterize the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively?
• Markers for preterm delivery and threatened abortion
• Which stimulant is commonly used to treat narcolepsy?
• What is the most important clinical application of electrophoresis?
• Which enzymatic creatinine method uses creatininase with peroxidase (POD) as part of the coupled reaction?
• CK-MV is less than 6% and is associated with which CK isoenzyme?
• A CEA value greater than what threshold is typically associated with malignancy?
• What is the formula for percent transmittance in spectrophotometry?
• In the 'Countercurrent' concept for chloride, which ion is listed?
• Which enzyme has the highest circulating concentration?
• Bioavailability is defined as the ratio of drug absorbed from the administered dose.
• Pink disease is associated with exposure to which metal?
• Which option represents measures of central tendency?
• In beta quantification, ultracentrifugation is used to remove which lipoproteins?
• Which sugar is non-reducing?
• Which enzyme marker is most commonly used to indicate hepatobiliary obstruction?
• T3 Uptake provides what kind of relationship to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)?
• Which protein increases up to ten-fold in nephrotic syndrome?
• What total cholesterol value is considered Desirable according to reference ranges?
• Which CK isoenzyme is the mitochondrial form?
• Busulfan belongs to which class of chemotherapeutic agents?
• D and L enantiomers are based on which carbon's hydroxyl group?
• Pipets by Design differentiate contain vs deliver. Which term corresponds to deliver?
• What percentage of T3 is produced directly by the thyroid gland?
• Which enzyme converts T4 to T3?
• Which counter type is typically used for beta-emitting isotopes such as H-3 and C-14?
• The solubility of a protein is lowest at its isoelectric point.
• Which is the correct formula for osmolality when concentrations are given in mg/dL?
• Which of the following is a reason discrete analyzers are named as such?
• A BUN-to-creatinine ratio less than 10:1 is typically seen in which scenarios?
• Severe diarrhea is associated with chloride levels that are:
• The low-dose dexamethasone suppression test is used to distinguish Cushing's syndrome from which group?
• In venous access procedures using transillumination, the distance to the vein is typically about how many inches?
• What is the electrophoresis order of ALP isoenzymes from most anodic to least anodic?
• What is the reference range for globulin in serum?
• Which term describes the ability of a substance to dissociate in water?
• B-VLDL is seen in which hyperlipoproteinemia?
• What is the most common cause of biliary obstruction?
• Triglycerides provide energy primarily through conversion to which molecule?
• Which of the following is NOT a Dye Lake dye?
• Is 800 rpm within the specified cytocentrifuge speed range?
• Aluminosilicate glass is approximately how many times stronger than borosilicate glass?
• After refrigeration, which LD isoenzymes remain active?
• Hypotension in Addison's disease is primarily due to deficiency of which adrenal hormone?
• From most anodal to least, what is the order of amylase isoenzyme mobility?
• Which enzyme is commonly elevated in acute hepatitis?
• What term describes the integration of chemistry and immunoassay in modern analyzers?
• With a 1°C rise, pO2 changes by which percent?
• Which method characterizes third-generation TSH assays?
• What is the preferred duration for sitting or supine lying during phlebotomy?
• What is the normal RAIU uptake at 24 hours?
• During IV sampling, how long should the IV be turned off and how much first sample should be discarded?
• How do osmolarity and osmolality differ in their denominators?
• In Cushing's disease, what is the pattern for plasma cortisol, ACTH, and response to high-dose dexamethasone suppression test?
• Gestational diabetes insipidus is caused by increased activity of which enzyme?
• Which condition is a common cause of persistent hypoglycemia?
• In HDL-C measurement using precipitation or immunoassay capture, which component is targeted for removal or binding?
• Uric acid deposition in tissues occurs when serum uric acid exceeds which threshold in mg/dL?
• Which formula should be used to estimate osmolality when Na, Glucose, and BUN are expressed in mmol/L?
• Wavelength accuracy in spectrophotometry is assessed using which materials?
• Which plastic is used for alkaline storage?
• The De Ritis ratio represents the relative activities of which two liver enzymes?
• In the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which component is produced first?
• Which enzyme pattern is associated with hepatobiliary (cholestatic) injury?
• Which is the most potent male androgen?
• What is the most common clinical use of tumor markers in cancer management?
• What is considered the best specimen for arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis?
• What is the recommended fasting duration before a 2-hour OGTT?
• Which method for urea determination uses diacetyl monoxime (DAM) to produce a yellow diazine?
• Levels of standards are described as which set?
• Which two proteins are referred to as enzymatic carriers?
• If data are skewed, which measure of central tendency should be used?
• In a Water Loading Test with 20 mL/kg ingestion, what is the normal urine response?
• The parameter associated with the cytocentrifuge in the notes is measured in which unit?
• What is the main action of oxytocin?
• What is the critical range for calcium?
• Which enzyme is commonly elevated with skeletal muscle activity?
• Which of the following is a ketose?
• Which drug is hepatotoxic?
• Which of the following is NOT considered a DOWNTIME waste?
• Which compound is primarily produced as an androgen by the adrenal cortex?
• Which test is used to assess stray light in spectrophotometers?
• Abetalipoproteinemia is caused by a mutation in which gene and results in absence of B-100 and B-48?
• Which chemical inhibitor inhibits Bone and Liver isoenzymes?
• Not prone to false negatives is best described as which analytical property?
• What is the peak time after intravenous administration for digoxin?
• Electrophoresis is affected by which factors?
• Hypernatremia associated with urine osmolality less than 300 mOsm/kg is most consistent with which condition?
• The Joint Commission requires laboratories to be accredited by how many organizations?
• Among proteins, which lipoprotein is most abundant?
• What is the most common cause of secondary hyperaldosteronism?
• What is the Diazo blank composition in the 3-diazo reagents setup?
• Which ISO standard applies to clinical laboratories?
• Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) deficiency commonly presents with which symptoms?
• Hypernatremia caused by decreased water intake is seen in which groups?
• In glucose measurement using glucose dehydrogenase, which cofactor is detected?
• Which cell type is listed among liver tissue components as a non-parenchymal cell involved in extracellular matrix production?
• Mild elevation is defined as which range of ULN multiples?
• The venous anion gap typically falls within which range?
• Whipple's triad of hypoglycemia includes which components?
• Which are two components of continuous flow systems?
• Which colorimetric method is used to detect peptide bonds in proteins?
• What is the formula for retention factor in chromatography?
• Subclinical hyperthyroidism is best described by which pattern of TSH and FT4/TT3/TT4?
• Which protein is NOT typically part of the alpha-2 globulin band in serum electrophoresis?
• Which method is a colorimetric method for chloride determination?
• Nonfasting lipid analysis is acceptable for two analytes. Which is NOT among them?
• Which particle carries the highest cholesterol content?
• In the 3 diazo reagents setup, what is Diazo A composition?
• Inhibin A provides feedback to inhibit which anterior pituitary hormone?
• In freezing point osmometers, the sample is typically cooled to approximately what temperature?
• What is the recommended cuff pressure to use as a tourniquet during venipuncture?
• Dry excess anticoagulant effect leads to which change?
• Elevated 11-deoxycorticosterone (11-DOC) is characteristic of deficiency of which enzyme in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
• Hypoprogesteronemia is associated with which outcome?
• Which non-protein nitrogen does not measure kidney function?
• Which method uses UV-spectrophotometry for transaminase determination?
• Which set represents hepatocellular injury markers?
• Direct osmolality is measured by which instrument?
• Which combination of anterior pituitary hormones is released in response to Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone?
• Which electrophoresis pattern corresponds to chronic infection with a delayed response?
• Which lipid parameter is commonly measured in a basal fasting lipid panel?
• What is the principle behind most glucose point-of-care tests?
• What is the purpose of adding LDH to the Walker/Karmen reagents?
• Which MS technique is used for proteomics and microbial ID?
• Which statement best describes the three requirements for a standard curve?
• Amiodarone is classified as which type of antiarrhythmic?
• Which reagent is used to stain CSF for protein analysis in electrophoresis?
• Which plastic is used for cryogenic purposes such as pipet tips and test tubes?
• Which photodetector type requires no external voltage?
• Myoglobin is a negative predictor of acute myocardial infarction within how many hours?
• What BAC defines legal intoxication limit?
• Level of triglycerides that causes pancreatitis?
• Calibration of the pH electrode requires which of the following?
• Air exposure of a specimen tends to cause which combined change?
• What is the reference range for Free Thyroxine Index (FTI)?
• A BUN-to-creatinine ratio greater than 20:1 with an elevated creatinine level is most consistent with which type of azotemia?
• Increasing the concentration of heparin in an ABG sample tends to cause which combination of effects?
• Which drug requires whole blood for monitoring?
• An LDL-C of 150 mg/dL falls into which category?
• Calcium and lithium ions in ion-selective electrodes use which type of membrane?
• Which hormone is a regulator of calcium in the body?
• Which trisomy is NOT typically associated with decreased AFP in maternal screening?
• Which unit would you expect to see for cytocentrifuge speed in a protocol?
• Which is the most abundant prehormone of T3?
• Which lipase assay uses colorimetric detection with glycerol kinase and peroxidase?
• In the Wacker/Forward LD assay, which conversion occurs?
• Which condition is explicitly described as salt-losing nephropathy contributing to hyponatremia?
• Which medium is used for size-based separation in electrophoresis?
• Which statement correctly defines Negative Predictive Value?
• An oxytocin-producing tumor has been associated with which lung carcinoma type?
• Peak plasma concentration timing for digoxin after oral administration is typically about how many hours?
• What is the reference method used for trace element analysis?
• Hyperprogesteronemia is associated with which menstrual outcome?
• Which cleaning method is listed as best for plastic and glassware?
• Which ABG analytes are directly measured?
• Which copper reduction method is most commonly used in glucose measurement?
• Which lab pattern describes secondary hyperthyroidism (all values elevated)?
• Primary bile acids are which?
• What is a urinary metabolite of progesterone?
• In this material, the F-test is defined as the ratio of which two statistics?
• In Menke's disease, copper levels are low due to inability to absorb copper, resulting in ceruloplasmin deficiency.
• Which instrument is typically used with colorimetric copper reduction methods such as Folin-Wu?
• Which pair of serum proteins are negative acute-phase reactants?
• Which Fredrickson Type corresponds to Mixed Hyperlipidemia (CM and VLDL)?
• Which hormone reflects placental function and remains increased throughout pregnancy, aiding estrogen and progesterone production?
• What CRP level range defines low risk?
• In the Walker/Karmen method for AST determination, which substrate is used by the enzyme (MDH)?
• Which cell type secretes LH and FSH?
• Which method is used for chloride determination according to Schales and Schales?
• Which of the following is an action of vitamin D?
• Which of the following is an aldose?
• Which statement correctly describes steroid hormones?
• In the direct pathway of HDL returning cholesterol to the liver, which receptor mediates uptake of cholesteryl esters on hepatocytes?
• If solute volume is 4 mL and total volume is 20 mL, the dilution factor D equals
• Elevation of alkaline phosphatase in obstructive bile duct obstruction is typically how many times ULN?
• What term describes a uniform mixture of solute and solvent?
• Enzyme denaturation is usually observed at which temperature range?
• Which measurement provides an estimate of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
• Which statistic is used to confirm accuracy?
• Which statement best describes Wilson's disease in terms of copper metabolism and ceruloplasmin?
• Which of the following are secondary markers for obstructive jaundice?
• Normal BUN-to-creatinine ratio but with elevated BUN and creatinine suggests which state?
• Which method is used as the reference method for enzymatic glucose measurement because it does not use hexokinase?
• Which of the following describes the four main classes of antiarrhythmic drugs?
• Chemical storage should be organized according to which criterion?
• What is the approximate half-life of cocaine?
• Prealbumin serves as a transport protein for which hormone or molecule?
• Rank the ALP isoenzymes by heat stability from most to least stable.
• Approximately how many primordial follicles are present in neonates?
• Which pairing correctly matches an acid-base disorder with its major cause and compensation?
• Which analyte is typically decreased in a hemolyzed sample?
• Which genes are considered indicators of hereditary cancer susceptibility in breast cancer risk assessment?
• Electrophoretic mobility: which lipoprotein shows pre-beta mobility?
• Ketonuria contributes to hyponatremia by which mechanism?
• Ideal storage temperature for enzymes is typically:
• Molarity is defined as
• Which posture change is associated with hemodilution?
• In separation techniques, electrophoresis separates primarily by which property?
• Which LD measurement method is faster?
• Calibration should be performed every 6-12 months.
• Which plastic is autoclavable primarily for chemical resistance?
• Rochelle's salt is another name for which compound?
• Antiglycolytic agents are used if three tests are done in more than how many hours?
• For every 1°C increase in temperature, the multiplying factor for pO2 is:
• Which compound is used to calculate bicarbonate in the anion gap calculation described?
• In refractometry, how much sample is required?
• Which apolipoprotein is predominantly distributed in HDL and has a structural role?
• Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland?
• What is the recommended lancet length for newborns?
• Which item is described as the most basic pipet?
• Which technique is used as a reference method for HbA1c measurement?
• Which pipet is described as the most used transfer pipet in the laboratory?
• Aspirin overdose commonly causes which acid-base disturbance?
• For transaminase elevations, acute hepatitis and liver necrosis reach what multiple of ULN?
• Type 1a/1.5 is Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood and is characterized by a single specific islet cell autoantibody.
• Oxyhemoglobin is corrected by determining its absorbance at which wavelength?
• In acidemia (acidosis), what happens to ionized calcium?
• Type 3b diabetes involves defects in the exocrine pancreas.
• Which MS technique is used for nonvolatile drugs?
• Which drug is commonly used to treat petit-mal (absence) seizures?
• Which method is used as a reference method for HbA1c analysis in clinical labs?
• Why have chemical copper reduction methods largely fallen out of use in glucose measurement?
• What are the two broad categories of ammonia determination methods described?
• Jaundice is typically clinically apparent when bilirubin reaches what range?
• The expression for osmotic concentration relative to a reference is called?
• Which androgen is considered the most biologically active?
• Which of the following is a cause of hypokalemia due to gastrointestinal loss?
• Which ratio is used to test for patency of the liver?
• Which biomarker serves as an early predictor of acute kidney injury?
• Which protein is the primary carrier of retinol (Vitamin A) in serum?
• Which apolipoprotein is distributed in CM, VLDL, and HDL and has a structural role?
• ADA HbA1c target for many adults with diabetes is less than what percent?
• Which instrument is used for the enzymatic ammonia determination?
• Which form of vitamin D is considered inactive?
• Which ion activates creatine kinase as an enzyme cofactor?
• What is the formula for percent transferrin saturation?
• What is the recommended butterfly needle length?
• Which of the following is NOT a method of bilirubin determination?
• Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice decreases bilirubin by what percentage per hour?
• Intracellularly, which LD isoenzyme is more abundant?
• Which molecule acts as the acetyl donor entering the Krebs cycle?
• Which HDL-C value is considered Desirable?
• Which blood collection tube is sensitive to sunlight and should be protected from light for proper coagulation testing?
• Which medication can cause hyperkalemia by decreasing renal potassium excretion?
• Which lipoprotein has the lowest triglyceride content?
• In the standing plasma test, what indicates the presence of both VLDL and chylomicrons?
• Nonfasting lipid analysis is acceptable for two analytes. Which pair are these two?
• Which option is NOT a method of amylase determination?
• In spectrophotometry, what is the purpose of a reagent blank?
• Which of the following is a planar chromatography method?
• In hyperglycemia, the measured serum sodium concentration decreases by approximately how much for every 100 mg/dL increase in plasma glucose?
• What are the two forms of chromatography?
• In the sodium level table, which condition is associated with high sodium?
• Which two vessels supply the liver?
• Among the diurnal variation list, which hormone is higher in the PM period?
• Which drug is classified as a long-acting barbiturate?
• Which enzyme is inhibited by antiglycolytic agents?
• How should a cortisol sample be collected for accurate measurement?
• Which condition commonly causes secondary hyperparathyroidism?
• Which blank measures the absorbance of the sample?
• For osmolality testing, which specimen is described as the best?
• Which chloride determination method uses coulometry-amperometry?
• Which organ primarily regulates extracellular potassium concentration?
• Which statement about systematic errors is true?
• What is described as the most common quality management framework?
• Which enzyme reduces oxaloacetate to malate using NADH in the pathway?
• Which set of reagents correctly lists all reagents used in the Biuret method?
• How are air bubbles prevented during sample collection?
• Which pressure primarily governs water movement between body compartments?
• Lead exposure can occur via which routes?
• In the simplified quality scheme, which term represents the overall program ensuring results meet healthcare service requirements?
• Lipase levels in acute pancreatitis typically peak at about which time after onset?
• In a calibration context, which statement best represents the relationship between unknown and standard samples?
• Normal range for serum osmolality is?
• Among lipoproteins, which carries the most triglycerides?
• The nitrogen content of protein is approximately what percent?
• Magnesium concentration in red blood cells is approximately how many times higher than in plasma?
• Pompe disease is caused by deficiency of which enzyme?
• Which solutions are used for spectrophotometric calibration methods?
• Which condition causes a rightward shift of the simplified oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
• In brain tissue, which marker is more abundant: CKBB or Aldolase C?
• In the Reinsch test, which color indicates arsenic?
• What is the process of testing and adjusting an analyzer's readout for correlation with a standard called?
• What is the typical angle used to detect scattered light in nephelometry?
• In immunoassay instrumentation, which pairing correctly matches the detector type with the instrument commonly used to read it?
• Which chemical inhibitor is specific for the Bone isoenzyme?
• Lipase elevation in pancreatitis remains high for about how long before normalization?
• Which statement correctly interprets the range 200-1000 rpm?
• In a double-beam spectrophotometer, how many detectors are used and how many beam splitters are there?
• Which type of error affects accuracy?
• Is cholesterol an energy source?
• Which Fredrickson type is most common?
• What is the major cause of an outlier in assay results?
• Which apolipoprotein has main distribution in chylomicrons, VLDL, and HDL and functions as a structural component?
• In the colorimetric chemical method, the S reagent produces what color product?
• Renal tubular acidosis affects chloride by causing:
• Main source of error in lipase determination?
• Which components are used to calculate calculated osmolality?
• Which bone houses the pituitary gland?
• Mercury exposure routes include which of the following?
• Which test differentiates neurogenic DI from nephrogenic DI?
• The F-test is considered significant if the ratio exceeds which threshold?
• Which MS technique is commonly employed for IEM screening?
• Which electrolytes are designated for myocardial rhythm and neuromuscular excitability?
• What is the defining feature of polyclonal gammopathy on electrophoresis?
• A prediabetes risk factor includes a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or higher.
• Which two hypothalamic nuclei store hormones released by the posterior pituitary?
• In automation, what does discrete mean?
• Which of the following is NOT a CHIMPS cause of hypercalcemia?
• Which analyte increases when serum or plasma is stored at 4°C?
• Which electrolytes are involved in blood coagulation?
• Which of the following is an example of a TD pipette?
• Which are the metabolic functions attributed to Thyroxine in metabolism?
• An increased beta or an unusual band between alpha-2 and beta indicates which condition?
• Which ALP isoenzyme is most resistant to heating at 65°C for 30 minutes?
• For every 100 mg/dL increase in glucose, how many mmol/L of sodium decrease?
• Appearance corresponding to triglyceride level around 350 mg/dL?
• After obtaining the T3U value, what is the next test that can be performed?
• Which Fredrickson Type represents Primary Triglyceridemia or Familial Endogenous Triglyceridemia (VLDL) with high TAG?
• The measurement of 1,5-anhydroglucitol is reported in which unit?
• Which chemical inhibitor inhibits Placental, Intestinal, Regan, and Nagao isoenzymes?
• Which set of enzymes is involved in interconversion of mature alpha-HDL subspecies?
• What is the difference called between calculated osmolality and measured osmolality?
• Which adrenal medulla tumor is typically associated with increased VMA but not HVA?
• Which two instruments are used to quantify by precipitation of immune complexes?
• Lean Six Sigma addresses two questions. Which pair is correct?
• Which electrode is commonly used as a reference electrode in potentiometry?
• A BUN-to-creatinine ratio greater than 20:1 with a normal creatinine level is most consistent with which condition?
• Which method measures turbidity by blocking transmitted light?
• In flame photometry, which color corresponds to sodium emission?
• When a pH value is not given, which measurements are used to determine acidosis or alkalosis?
• What is the NCEP target for total cholesterol (TC) in mg/dL?
• Indirect estimation of the free T4 in the blood is known as which index?
• Which amylase method is described as Saccharogenic and expressed in Somogyi units?
• Which enzyme is most specific for pancreatitis?
• In enzymatic creatinine determination, the initial reaction with creatininase produces which compound?
• Which tumor increases both AFP and hCG?
• ApoA2 main distribution and function?
• Which technique is the gold standard for drug testing?
• TBPA stands for which of the following in the context of thyroxine transport?
• Which statement correctly describes lactic acidosis types?
• Which analyte commonly requires anaerobic transport to preserve its measured value?
• Glutathione synthetase belongs to which enzyme class?
• Which dye is used to stain lipoproteins?
• Which abnormal lipoprotein is described as sinking prebetalipoprotein?
• Pseudohyponatremia is a laboratory artifact related to which measurement method?
• Euthyroid with high TBG occurs in which situations?
• Which adrenal cortex zone primarily secretes cortisol?
• What is considered a desirable VLDL level?
• Which test is used mainly for monitoring long-term glycemic control?
• Which drug is a second-generation antiepileptic that does not require therapeutic drug monitoring?
• What is the reference range for fructosamine in umol/L?
• Before a 2-hour OGTT, carbohydrate intake should be at least what amount for 3 days?
• What is the normal reference range for serum albumin?
• Which enzyme pattern is associated with hepatocellular liver injury?
• Which of the following is an action of Angiotensin II?
• Which diagnostic test is used for ADH deficiency?
• Which liver macrophages are part of the reticuloendothelial system?
• Which method is described as cheap but insensitive for urea determination?
• In hyperlipoproteinemia, which plasma appearance is associated with high chylomicrons (CM)?
• Which counter type is typically used for gamma-emitting isotopes like I-125 and I-131?
• Which of the following is a naturally occurring opiate?
• Which carcinoplacental alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme is inhibited by phenylalanine?
• What is the critical pH range listed in the blood gas critical values?
• HbA1c level that indicates poor glycemic control is greater than what percent?
• Whole blood glucose concentration is lower than plasma by what percent?
• Which enzyme is not typically used as a secondary marker for obstructive jaundice?
• Na+/K+-ATPase pump uses what type of transport?
• In gravimetric calibration, what solution and condition provide the most accurate standard?
• Which substance increases in the blood as a result of cigarette smoke exposure?
• Which trace element is classically associated with a garlic odor in poisoning cases?
• In the linear equation y = mx + b, what does b represent?
• Which statement best describes the diagnostic criterion for insulinoma/endogenous hyperinsulinism after fasting?
• Increased renin production is typically associated with which initial blood pressure state?
• Partial immersion calibration pertains to which equipment?
• In CQI, which belt level corresponds to project sponsors?
• What is the CFU/mL threshold for Type 1 reagent water?
• High-resolution protein electrophoresis separates proteins into how many bands?
• What is the main endogenous source of cholesterol?
• An alpha-1 flat curve on electrophoresis is associated with which condition?
• Which protein is NOT a beta-globulin?
• Which of the following is a line source?
• Which additive is used in coagulation testing tubes?
• Macroenzyme 2 is bound to what?
• What is the blood to plasma ratio for therapeutic drug monitoring monitoring?
• Elevated AFP in maternal serum screening is most commonly associated with which condition?
• Which specimen uses EDTA among the listed items?
• What is the standard glucose load for the 2-hour OGTT in adults?
• Postprandial glucose normalizes after how many hours following a meal?
• The Albanese Lein colorimetric method is used to measure which analyte?
• Triose phosphate isomerase is categorized under which enzyme class?
• Highest elevation of LD is observed in which condition?
• Radio waves have wavelengths greater than 1 centimeter.
• If a solution contains 3 equivalents of solute per liter, the normality is
• Kernicterus risk is associated with bilirubin levels exceeding what value?
• In flame photometry, which color corresponds to copper emission?
• Which of the following is NOT an example of a protein hormone?
• What is the desirable LDL:HDL ratio?
• What is the chief female androgen?
• Which biomarker is the earliest enzyme elevated in acute myocardial infarction?
• Which accelerator is used in the Jendrassik Groff method?
• Uric acid comprises what percent of non-protein nitrogen (NPN)?
• What is the arterial puncture angle for the femoral site?
• Which term indicates the concentration change resulting from dilution with solvent?
• Which electrolyte is described as requiring fasting before measurement?
• Which MS approach uses isotope dilution to quantify nonprotein nitrogens?
• Which tissue is a primary target of oxytocin to induce labor?
• Which analytes are falsely elevated in ECO anticoagulants?
• What is the critical total bilirubin value listed?
• Which lipoprotein density range corresponds to LDL?
• Which single enzyme is commonly used as a marker of hepatic injury?
• Which item is included in RECSQ analytical elements?
• In the CPC-based calcium dye-binding assay, which additive prevents magnesium interference?
• What is the reference method for HbA1c measurement?
• Which statement best describes Borosilicate, Aluminosilicate, and High Silica glass in laboratory use?
• Which compound is the other antiglycolytic agent besides sodium fluoride?
• Which statement describes the direct method for osmometry?
• Which statistic is used to confirm precision?
• In primary hyperaldosteronism, a plasma aldosterone to plasma renin ratio diagnostic threshold is greater than what value?
• Which enzymes are typically elevated in a space-occupying lesion in the liver?
• If blanking cannot be performed, which approach is used?
• Which technique separates proteins by migration in a pH gradient?
• Secondary bile acids include which?
• Renal or post-renal azotemia is suggested by which pattern of BUN and creatinine?
• Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic separation techniques?
• Fructosamine is contraindicated in which condition?
• Which reagent is used to differentiate LD isoenzymes on gels?
• Which distribution accurately describes magnesium in plasma?
• Which reagent is used in the colorimetric Jaffe method for creatinine determination?
• What are the three steps in the 3-step precipitation method?
• If a compound has molecular weight 180 and valence 3, its equivalent weight is
• pH of maximum activity for most enzymes is typically around:
• Beta-gamma bridging due to IgA is associated with which condition according to the material?
• Reference range for creatinine using the enzymatic method in females?
• Which test is described as the most specific and sensitive test for thyroid dysfunction?
• Which metric is defined as TP divided by (TP plus FN)?
• What is the product formed in the Fiske Subbarow phosphate assay?
• Cushing's disease is listed as an additional cause of hypernatremia. Which of the following is another listed cause?
• What is the silicate concentration for Type 1 reagent water?
• What is the standard technique for pipetting aqueous solutions?
• The Ferriman-Gallwey Scale is used to grade which clinical feature?
• Which of the following is a cause of a high osmolal gap?
• Sitting to supine posture leads to what change in plasma concentration?
• Which lipoprotein is prothrombotic and homologous to plasminogen due to its Apo B-100?
• Which statement is true about HbA1c testing methods based on the provided notes?
• In the triple marker screen, which pattern is characteristic of Trisomy 21?
• What term describes the amount of solute in a given amount of solution?
• NDML stands for neonatal diabetes mellitus.
• Which ion acts as an activator of alkaline phosphatase?
• Which condition shows TSH normal, FT4 normal, TT3/TT4 high, and T3 uptake low due to high thyroid-binding globulin?
• Which range defines Borderline High triglycerides?
• Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is most associated with diseases of which organ?
• The F-test ratio is defined as the ratio of which quantities?
• In salting-out albumin procedure, high salt precipitates which fraction?
• CNS stimulants vs depressants: which pairing is correct?
• In colligative property measurements, the freezing point changes by approximately how many degrees Celsius per osmole increase of solute?
• Decreased unmeasured cations, such as in hypocalcemia, would have what effect on the anion gap?
• Increasing frequency of outliers in a data set is most closely associated with which statistical concept?
• Which statement correctly describes the structural difference between T3 and reverse T3?
• Albumin concentration is commonly measured by which dye-binding method?
• Which method is considered the reference method for total protein measurement by nitrogen content?
• Bronze diabetes is associated with which condition?
• A monoclonal gammopathy curve on electrophoresis most strongly suggests which disease?
• Creatinine and BUN are not increased until GFR decreases by about what percentage?
• Tarui disease is due to deficiency of which enzyme?
• Glycogen stores are depleted within approximately how long during fasting?
• Using the transmittance formula T(%) = 10^(2 - A), what is the transmittance when absorbance A equals 0?
• In the chemical method, which step uses Bloom's reagent for extraction?
• What is the standard tool used to assess random error in determination?
• Cadmium exposure is associated with damage to which alveolar cells?
• In Henderson-Hasselbalch relation for bicarbonate buffering, pH equals pKa plus log of which ratio?
• Which two markers are used to diagnose insulinoma?
• A flipped LD1/LD2 ratio occurs in which scenario?
• Which of the following is a DOWNTIME waste?
• What instrument converts electrophoretic separation into quantitative data?
• Which statement correctly describes Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory?
• Which component is part of the surface of lipoproteins?
• Which of the following is a Dye Lake dye?
• Bicarbonate accounts for approximately what percentage of total CO2 in blood?
• What is the reference method for measuring non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in clinical chemistry?
• Which laboratory value is used to monitor long-term glycemic control in diabetes?
• Which test is described as the SIADH diagnostic test in the material?
• Electrophoretic mobility: which lipoprotein shows beta mobility?
• Water for higher purity techniques is designated as Special reagent water.
• The Renal Panel is BMP-like but with which changes?
• Which tube type is used to obtain serum after clotting?
• For individuals with at least one risk factor, how often should screening be performed?
• A monoclonal gammopathy curve on electrophoresis is characteristic of which disease?
• Conjugated proteins are composed of an apoprotein and what non-protein component?
• The most abundant lipids class, according to the material, is which?
• Which molecule is used as the membrane for the potassium-selective ion electrode?
• How long can samples be stored at -20 C?
• Which type of error affects precision?
• In Lean's application to clinical settings, 'Shorter STAT' refers to a desire to achieve what outcome?
• Which item is NOT listed as an analytical element in RECSQ?
• Physical properties that depend on relative concentration but not identity are called?
• Which statement best defines pharmacokinetics?
• Dopamine, acting as a prolactin-inhibiting factor, inhibits the release of which hormone?
• Which factor is listed as causing a rightward shift of the oxyhemoglobin curve by increasing metabolic activity?
• Which is an example of relative hyperproteinemia?
• Which pattern best describes primary hyperthyroidism in terms of TSH, FT4, TT3/TT4, and T3 uptake?
• Which sequence correctly describes the four steps of Beta Quantification?
• Parkinson's disease has been linked to exposure to which trace element?
• Which value represents a Normal triglyceride level?
• Macroenzyme 1 is bound to what?
• What pre-treatment step is required before electrophoresis for CSF and urine samples?
• Uric acid is a product of catabolism of which purines?
• What is a key difference between molality and molarity?
• What is the silicate concentration for Type 2 reagent water?
• Elevated DHEA is associated with deficiency of which enzyme in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
• Which expression correctly calculates osmolality from measured sodium, glucose, and BUN?
• Cocaine is described as a potent cardiac toxin that can cross the placenta and breast milk.
• Approximately what percentage of testosterone is bound to albumin?
• Which test is used as a confirmatory test for adrenal insufficiency?
• Apoenzyme plus a prosthetic group forms which enzyme type?
• Which of the following are two actions of human placental lactogen (hPL)?
• Which lipoprotein has exogenous triglycerides as its major component?
• Which is an indication for arterial puncture?
• Which parameter represents constant systematic error?
• The Ferro-Ham chloranilic acid precipitation method for calcium uses which acid as reagent?
• Which marker best reflects hepatic synthetic function?
• Delta bilirubin with black granules (lipofuscin) is characteristic of which disorder?
• Night blindness is associated with deficiency of which vitamin?
• Which ABG handling practice is recommended?
• Which thyroid cells produce T3 and T4?
• Hyperkalemia due to cellular shift is most strongly associated with which condition?
• Which marker is used to differentiate benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) from prostatic carcinoma (PC)?
• In spill cleanup, what is the first step?
• In the Biuret assay for proteins, how many peptide bonds are required for a positive reaction?
• Which of the following describes Type 2 reagent water characteristics?
• Which support is used in thin-layer chromatography (TLC)?
• Which pair of markers are used as the two natriuretic peptide markers for congestive heart failure?
• What is the reference range for TSH?
• Which condition is NOT associated with increased AFP?
• The Martin-Hopkins method estimates VLDL using which approach?
• Which lipoprotein has the highest protein content?
• Which Fredrickson Type is Familial combined hyperlipoproteinemia (high LDL and VLDL)?
• Which of the following specimens is preferred for osmolality measurements?
• Which foods are listed as BVCT (Banana, Vanilla, Coffee, Tea) affecting VMA/HMMA testing?
• Which equation correctly estimates TIBC in ug/dL from transferrin measured in mg/dL?
• Subclinical hypothyroidism is best described by which pattern of TSH and FT4/TT3/TT4?
• In flame photometry, which color corresponds to calcium emission?
• Lactate produced in anaerobic glycolysis yields how many ATP per glucose?
• In the phosphate colorimetric assay, the reduced phosphomolybdate yields which color?
• A routine lipid profile consists of which four components?
• In fulminant hepatic failure, which marker is disproportionately elevated relative to others?
• In fluorometry, what is the typical angle between the excitation and emission monochromators?
• What type of feedback regulates oxytocin release during labor?
• What is the angle range for arterial puncture at radial and brachial sites?
• Bilirubin oxidase method measures decreased absorbance at which wavelength range?
• The post-postanalytical phase covers which activity?
• C-peptide levels are high in which condition?
• Diagnostic tests of hypoglycemia?
• Macroenzymes have a higher half-life because they are less excreted in the urine. Which statement is true?
• Reference range for creatinine using the Jaffe method in males?
• Which buffer is used for acidic conditions in electrophoresis?
• 1 mole NaCl equals how many osmoles when dissolved in water?
• Growth hormone (GH) has which metabolic effects?
• Which method is used to determine total protein concentration using dye binding?
• Which type of luminescence is produced by biological luciferin-luciferase systems?
• Which equation is more commonly used to estimate glomerular filtration rate than Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD?
• Pronounced elevation is defined as how many times ULN?
• Isopropanol can be metabolized to which compound?
• What is the normal range for 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG)?
• ApoB48 main distribution and function?
• In an air displacement micropipettor, the tip is typically used with which piston configuration?
• In the ferric reduction method, what color is the product formed after reaction with glucose?
• What are two common methods for measuring enzyme activity?
• Which of the following are indications for capillary puncture?
• For catecholamine testing, which specimen type is described?
• In electrophoresis, B-VLDL travels with which lipoprotein?
• Which reagent is used in the Zimmerman test for 17-ketosteroids?
• What is the most common cause of hypophosphatemia?
• In Friedewald estimation, VLDL in mg/dL is calculated as TAG divided by what factor?
• What are the phases of subacute thyroiditis in order?
• Which enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides in circulating lipoproteins?
• Which test assesses variability between two groups to evaluate precision?
• Which group of risk factors promotes atherosclerosis?
• Which minerals are involved in production and use of ATP from glucose?
• In Nesslerization for ammonia, the reaction of ammonium with dipotassium mercuric iodide yields which color?
• What is the most common anterior pituitary gland tumor?
• The instrument principle used to determine oxygen saturation (O2SAT) in ABG analysis is:
• What does HPLC stand for?
• In the measurement of Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC), what is the purpose of saturating transferrin with ferric iron?
• Which element has an atomic weight of about 23?
• Which trace element is essential for DNA and RNA synthesis as a key cofactor?
• Which option is outside the cytocentrifuge speed range of 200-1000 rpm?
• In the Ferric Reduction method, what are the colors of the reagents before and after reaction with glucose?
• For impedance method of aspirin analysis, which anticoagulant is recommended?
• What is the percentage distribution of beta-D-glucose and alpha-D-glucose reported in this material?
• Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) measurements are described as what kind of unit related to its subunit composition?
• Secondary hypergonadism is most commonly due to what?
• On semilogarithmic paper used in spectrophotometry, what is plotted on the y-axis?
• What is the pH range for Type 3 reagent water?
• It is the number of particles a molecule dissociates into when dissolved in a solvent.
• A total cholesterol value of 230 mg/dL falls into which category?
• Which condition is NOT associated with elevated ammonia levels?
• The relationship between cholesterolemia and thyroid function is generally described as:
• What are the two general methods for triglyceride measurement?
• What color does the oxidized chromogen quinoneimine impart in Trinder-type assays?
• In the standing plasma test, which finding indicates the presence of chylomicrons?
• Fluorometer sensitivity is how many times higher than that of a spectrophotometer?
• Storing ALP at 4°C has what effect on measured activity?
• In ultracentrifugation, which lipoprotein resides in the topmost layer?
• ACS Primary Standard purity level is typically what?
• ApoB100 main distribution and function?
• Which enzyme is used in the enzymatic ammonia assay?
• Which glassware is known for high thermal resistance due to its borosilicate composition?
• What is the normal anion gap range when potassium is included?
• Which of the following is NOT typically associated with persistent hyperglycemia?
• Which of the following is a correct pairing described in the notes?
• What is the normal reference range for total protein in serum?
• Which medium is used for charge-based separation in electrophoresis?
• Which statements best describe two markers for congestive heart failure used clinically?
• In congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, which metabolite is reported as high?
• In a verification study of a reference interval with 20 subjects, how many results should fall within the interval for acceptability?
• If TAG is high, LDL-C is determined using which method?
• Main source of error in amylase determination?
• Which tumor increases AFP only?
• Leucovorin rescue is used to rescue host cells when methotrexate is used.
• In assay terminology, what describes the Endpoint measurement?
• Kinase enzymes belong to which category?
• In the Cockcroft-Gault equation, which factor is applied if the patient is female?
• Phosphate is usually measured as which form?
• The CDC method for HDL-C includes three processes: Ultracentrifugation, precipitation by heparin-manganese, and which method?
• How many times should all tubes be inverted in general?
• In hemolytic anemia (HA), how are G6PD and PK levels affected?
• Which analyte increases in the supine posture due to fluid shifts?
• Hers disease is due to deficiency of which enzyme?
• What is the free fraction percentage of T3 in plasma?
• Which group of elements has approximate atomic weights of 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18?
• Which of the following is an essential amino acid?
• The Zimmerman test for 17-ketosteroids uses which reagent, and what color indicates a positive result?
• Which hormone from the anterior pituitary triggers ovulation?
• What is the detection limit of a luminometer?
• What percentage of testosterone is bound to SHBG?
• Hemolysis can cause falsely elevated potassium in a sample because:
• In glucose oxidase-based enzymatic assays, hydrogen peroxide participates in the detection step by reacting with a chromogen to produce color. Which statement best describes this role?
• If the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] is 1 x 10^-3 M, what is the pH?
• What fraction of total body water is intracellular?
• Which conditions can cause high plasma osmolality, contributing to hypernatremia?
• What is the reference method and substrate for ACP measurement?
• CRP levels: which range defines high risk for CHD/stroke?
• Which of the following lists the two methods of lactate determination described?
• In the chemical method using alcoholic KOH, what are the products?
• Which instrument is used to measure monovalent ions via photometric techniques?
• The measuring electrode buffer for a pCO2 electrode is usually which buffer?
• What is the key rationale for using a 2-hour OGTT in diabetes screening?
• With a 1°C rise, pCO2 changes by which percent?
• Moderate elevation of LD corresponds to which ULN range?
• Which method is used to separate bound T4 from its carrier?
• Which of the following trisomies is NOT among those associated with decreased AFP?
• Which immunoassay type is homogeneous and relies on enzyme activity proportional to the analyte concentration?
• In the Walker/Karmen method for ALT determination, which substrate is used by the enzyme?
• Which class of hormones is characterized by water-soluble solubility, no carrier, and a half-life of about 10-30 minutes?
• Which of the following is NOT listed as an indication that calibration is needed?
• Which of the following is not used in the evaluation of pheochromocytoma?
• What is the product formed in the phosphate determination using the Fiske Subbarow method?
• In the perfect correlation principle, what is the slope?
• Fanconi-Bickel syndrome is associated with a defect in which transporter?
• In air-displacement micropipettors, the tip is made of which material?
• Which cell type secretes growth hormone?
• In a standard diagnostic 2x2 table, the Positive and Negative rows refer to which concept?
• In uremia, which electrolyte and acid-base disturbances are commonly observed?
• Renal tubular acidosis typically presents with which acid-base disturbance and chloride status?
• Which metric is defined as the probability that a positive test result is actually a true positive?
• Which glass type is specifically designed to protect samples from light while providing reasonable thermal stability?
• Which methods are used to measure sodium in the laboratory?
• Among lipoproteins, which has the highest cholesterol content?
• Which compound is the most abundant non-protein nitrogen (NPN) substance?
• What are the intermediate products before urea is produced?
• Which molecule is formed when glucose is phosphorylated in the first step of glycolysis?
• What is the conversion factor between International Units (IU) and nano katal (nkat)?
• For secondary adrenal insufficiency, which stimulation test is used as a screening test?
• Which test is primarily used for the diagnosis of diabetes?
• Which Aldolase isoenzyme is primarily located in brain tissue?
• Which method is colorimetric-spectrophotometric for transaminase determination?
• Which glass is low thermal resistance and suitable for strong acids and alkali?
• What is the electrophoretic order from cathode to anode?
• Tacrolimus is approximately how many times more potent than cyclosporine?
• Which two methods are used for transaminase determination?
• Prehepatic conditions include which of the following?
• Which mineral acts as a cofactor for more than 300 enzymes?
• If fertilization occurs, which hormone helps maintain the corpus luteum?
• Which of the following is a semi-synthetic opiate?
• Delta checks in laboratory data are used to detect discrepancies between current and prior results in which two error categories?
• Which LD isoenzyme remains active after heat denaturation?
• What is the most common cause of thyroid disease?
• LDX corresponds to an LD isoenzyme found in which tissue?
• What is the bone crystal name in mineralized bone?
• Andersen disease is due to deficiency of which enzyme?
• Wetting agents or incorrect pH have what effect on unconjugated bilirubin?
• Which LDL-C determination method is a direct homogeneous assay that uses detergents?
• How long should plasma and cells be separated after collection to minimize glycolysis effects?
• THBR stands for which term?
• Antiglycolytic agents prevent the decrease of which metabolite?
• In euthyroid sick syndrome, which hormone is elevated?
• What centrifugation speed range and time are standard for separating serum?
• Surface immersion calibration applies to which equipment?
• Which ALP isoenzyme is most heat stable and associated with lung cancer?
• What is the reference range for T3U?
• Which vitamin is known to interfere with some immunoassays when taken in excess?
• In alkaline electrophoresis, proteins migrate toward which electrode?
• What is used as the screening test for growth hormone excess?
• What is the gold standard test for confirming growth hormone deficiency?
• For metanephrine testing to screen pheochromocytoma, which result is preferred?
• Which protein is an example of a tertiary structure?
• What is the rpm for a horizontal head (swinging-bucket) centrifuge?
• Which form is the active form of vitamin D?
• Which Aldolase isoenzyme is found mainly in white blood cells, liver, and kidney?
• In the Oliver-Rosalki CK determination method, which reaction uses hexokinase and G6PD along with CK?
• In a standard diagnostic 2x2 table, what do the terms True Positives and False Positives refer to?
• In time-domain detection of a double-beam spectrophotometer, how many detectors and choppers are used?
• In slight hemolysis, which enzyme activity is most affected?
• Which elements are classic examples of water-reactive chemicals?
• What is unique about scintillation counting compared with other luminescence methods?
• Given magnesium’s role as a cofactor for over 300 enzymes, which statement best describes its impact?
• Which body fluid does not reflect the same glucose concentration as blood?
• Which two gonadotropins are most commonly assessed together as part of fertility evaluation?
• Which units are used for reporting creatinine in blood and in urine?
• Which speed value is exactly at the lower limit of 200-1000 rpm?
• Hypernatremia caused by increased water loss can be due to which condition?
• Which term describes minimal complexity of instrumentation?
• Which lipoprotein has the lowest cholesterol content?
• What is the most common visible light source?
• What color indicates the endpoint in the described precipitation/dye separation method?
• How long can serum be stored at room temperature before analysis?
• Which of the following are cofactors in enzyme reactions?
• Which substance is used as the substrate when performing amylase activity assays?
• Which value represents the reference range for total bilirubin?
• ACTH has which metabolic effects?
• Which of the following is an example of a TC pipette?
• Which proliferation signal inhibitor inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase?
• Which nondestructive method is used for determining organic compounds in lipoproteins, compared with destructive MS?
• What is the rapid screening method for trace elements?
• Laboratory error described as increasing sodium and potassium while decreasing chloride and bicarbonate would cause which effect on the calculated anion gap?
• In the reference method described, what is the substrate used?
• Which of the following is considered the best single criterion for diagnosing diabetes by ADA?
• What was the earliest method used for bilirubin determination?
• Among the diurnal variation list, which hormone is highest in the morning?
• Gradual loss of albumin is most associated with which condition?
• Transferrin is described as which type of protein?
• Direct spectrophotometry of total bilirubin is measured at which wavelength?
• What is the commonly accepted reference range for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in mg/dL?
• Which is a continuum light source?
• Which urinary metabolite of cortisol is detected using the Porter-Silber Method with 2,4-DNPH and yields a positive yellow reaction?
• Which component of the simplified quality scheme is described as monitoring only precision?
• Ion selective electrodes have largely replaced which instrument?
• Enzyme inactivation tends to occur at which temperature range?
• Estimated total blood volume for a 70 kg adult is approximately?
• How is molarity defined?
• Which rpm falls within the cytocentrifuge speed range of 200-1000 rpm?
• Which formula defines Negative Predictive Value?
• The SI prefix for 10^15 is which of the following?
• In the description of chloride balance notation, what is listed as the 'Counter' ion?
• What structure connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary?
• All approaches to automation are capable of which function?
• What is the normal osmolal gap range?
• The endpoint of the titration corresponds to the formation of which fatty acid?
• Indirect calculation of LDL-C becomes inaccurate when TAG exceeds which value?
• What is the current reference method for triglycerides?
• Which of the following is an example of a precipitating media used in HDL-C methods?
• Glycerol + periodic acid yields which product?
• Which lipoprotein has endogenous triglycerides as its major component?
• Which hormones are commonly tested in infertility workup?
• GDM converts to DM within 10 years in approximately what percent?
• What percent hemolysis corresponds to gross hemolysis?
• Which enzyme is NOT listed among the nine enzymes with macroforms?
• Hyponatremia due to increased water retention is commonly associated with which condition?
• Congenital Minamata disease is caused by exposure to which metal?
• Derived formula of molarity is equal to
• Which item from the HARDASS mnemonic is a drug that can contribute to normal anion gap metabolic acidosis when given?
• Which anticoagulant is used for enzyme testing?
• In the simplified quality scheme, QA is applied to how many analytic areas?
• Sertoli cells produce which two substances?
• Which of the following is NOT a continuum light source?
• Which BAC range corresponds to death?
• CK-BB is elevated in which condition according to the material?
• What is the heparin concentration in ABG collection per milliliter of blood?
• In the perfect correlation principle, what is the Y-intercept?
• Which buffer is used specifically for the Bowers-McComb alkaline phosphatase method?
• Which dye-binding reagent is most common for albumin measurement?
• Heparinized plasma cannot be used in which two assays?
• The amylase:creatinine clearance ratio (SCUA) is calculated as which formula?
• Which term describes proteins that contain a non-protein prosthetic group?
• Which mnemonic is associated with the random error concept?
• In the copper reduction methods, what is the initial product formed when glucose reduces copper sulfate?
• Which of the following is NOT a type of luminescence listed in the material?
• Creatinine constitutes what percent of NPNs?
• Which Fredrickson Type corresponds to Familial chylomicronemia (LPL deficiency)?
• Which protein is an example of a quaternary structure?
• In acute diarrhea, sodium is typically:
• Which lipoprotein is the second most atherogenic?
• In target therapy for high-risk patients, which lipid parameter should be optimized?
• In LDL homogeneous assay, which two reagents are used and what are their roles?
• The RST clotting time is limited to how many minutes?
• What is the reference range for ammonia in micrograms per deciliter?
• Which apolipoprotein acts as an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase (LPL)?
• Which enzyme is described as the smallest enzyme in this context?
• Which of the following is included as a measured analyte in a Basic Metabolic Panel?
• Which is listed as a function of proteins?
• What is the ideal measurement time after collection for chemistry assays?
• Which support is traditionally used in paper chromatography?
• A buffer is a mixture of which components?
• Lead exposure inhibits which enzymes involved in heme synthesis?
• In the diaphorase method for enzymatic glucose measurement, the colorimetric product is which color?
• For UV and visible light measurements, which material is commonly used for sample cells?
• Which of the following is a major risk factor that modifies LDL goals?
• Which test is used for monitoring thyroid hormone replacement therapy?
• Steady state is typically achieved after how many half-lives?
• What is the reference range for serum T4 in females?
• Which of the following is NOT a sedative/hypnotic/CNS depressant listed?
• In a standard curve used for quantitative analysis, what is plotted on the X axis and Y axis?
• Which cell type secretes ACTH?
• Osmolarity is expressed in which units?
• A Poor SDI (Sigma Deviation Index) is indicated when SDI value exceeds what threshold?
• Which method is preferred for HbA1c determination?
• Which term describes the process of verifying an initial result?
• Which are the three steps in iron determination from transferrin?
• Density of B-VLDL is similar to which lipoprotein?
• Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) optimum pH is typically around:
• Blood gas analysis QC is performed with how many levels and how often?
• Which of the following is NOT a protease inhibitor?
• Which HDL-C determination method is considered the gold standard?
• What is the main difference between horizontal and fixed-angle centrifuge rotors?
• Which protein is also known as orosomucoid?
• Which substance is a classic unmeasured anion contributing to high anion gap metabolic acidosis?
• Which test differentiates neurogenic DI from primary polydipsia?
• In postmenopausal women, which estrogen predominates?
• What is the active metabolite of procainamide?
• Which two parameters are calibrated in centrifuge performance, and how frequently should calibration be performed?
• In a pO2 sensor, what are the correct materials for the cathode and anode?
• Polyclonal gammopathy with large elevation in gamma and beta-gamma bridging due to IgA is most characteristic of which condition?
• Which amino acid is listed as the most abundant protein in the body and used in many processes?
• Which complication is primarily associated with type 1 diabetes?
• Diagnostic test for galactosemia measures activity of which enzyme in erythrocytes?
• Which biomarker list is associated with Alzheimer's disease?
• What fraction of extracellular fluid is interstitial?
• Normal arterial pO2 range is:
• Hashimoto's thyroiditis is associated with antibodies including anti-thyroglobulin, anti-TPO, and anti-microsomal antibodies. Which option lists these antibodies?
• Which trio of electrolytes is listed for Use no Water?
• Which detector is commonly used in GC/HPLC?
• Which factor can cause a false positive blood bhCG result?
• Which Fredrickson type carries the highest cardiac risk?
• Altitude in feet at which blood volume decreases when collected?
• What is the typical fixed-angle range used in fixed-angle centrifuges?
• Which mnemonic stands for 'Sodium in, potassium out'?
• Marker for bone formation
• Which of the following is not a central tendency measure?
• What is the reported toxic daily dose of lead?
• Which element has an atomic weight of about 40?
• According to the SIBICO mnemonic, which statement is true?
• Which enzyme esterifies free cholesterol inside nascent pre-B HDL to form mature alpha-HDL?
• In linear regression, the y-intercept corresponds to which type of error?
• Total immersion calibration applies to which equipment?
• ApoA4 main distribution and function?
• Ammonia is reported in which unit, distinguishing it from other NPN measurements?
• Which lipoprotein is characterized by cholesterol being greater than protein as its major component?
• Which of the following is a B2 hepatic disease?
• Which electrolytes are designated for volume and osmotic regulation?
• Each 1% increase in HbA1c corresponds to an approximate rise in plasma glucose of how many mg/dL?
• Which type corresponds to Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia?
• The Szasz assay for GGT uses which substrates?
• Which conjugated protein type has the highest carbohydrate content?
• Panic pO2 value is at or below which threshold?
• Panic values for bicarbonate (HCO3) are at which levels?
• What is the critical pO2 value threshold?
• Methotrexate is an antineoplastic agent that destroys thymine.
• What is the standard deviation index (z score) formula used in the lab?
• Which condition shows decreased radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) compared with other hyperthyroid conditions?
• In the enzymatic method for non-protein nitrogen, most components are measured by a decrease in absorbance at which wavelength?
• What is the primary action of atrial natriuretic peptide on sodium?
• LpX is associated with deficiency of which enzyme?
• In the placenta's trimester-specific production, which hormone is primarily produced during the second trimester?
• In Beer's Law, if the concentration doubles and the absorptivity and path length remain constant, what happens to absorbance?
• Which urinary metabolite is the end product of metabolism for both epinephrine and norepinephrine?
• Which component is added by a Comprehensive Panel that is not part of the Basic Metabolic Panel?
• What term describes the drug concentration range between the minimum effective concentration and the minimum toxic concentration?
• Nesslerization in ammonia measurement yields which color?
• In CLSI terminology, Type III water is used as Autoclave wash water.
• The T-test formula used here uses which numerator?
• In assessing CRP for CHD and stroke risk, how should samples be measured?
• Which lipoprotein is categorized as beta-lipoprotein?
• What is the first step in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis?
• Which of the following is an example of a centrifugal analyzer?
• What is the pH of the reaction in the Evelyn-Malloy method?
• What are the reference ranges for total CK for men and women respectively?
• Which metric equals TN divided by (TN plus FP)?
• What is the critical range for magnesium?
• Which condition is a water balance-related cause of hyponatremia, including SIADH?
• In the enzymatic determination of urea, what is produced when urea reacts with urease?
• Criggler-Najjar Type 1 is characterized by which UDPGT deficiency?
• What is the stated lethal daily dose of lead?
• Which precaution should be avoided prior to collecting a sample for ammonia measurement?
• In cholesterol transformation, which form is considered transformable cholesterol?
• Which factor can cause a false positive urine bhCG result?
• What is the absorbance maximum for the Jendrassik Groff method?
• Which are the forms of subacute thyroiditis?
• What happens to glucose concentration if a serum sample is stored at room temperature?
• Linearity of the instrument is checked using which materials?
• Type 1 diabetes mellitus is defined as IDDM with more than one autoantibody.
• Which of the following is not one of the nutritional status markers listed?
• Which instrument is used for excitation by electromagnetic radiation?
• Which of the following is listed as a hyponatremia cause under 'Other causes'?
• Which marker is used to detect cerebrospinal fluid leakage?
• What is the reference method for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and HbA1c measurement?
• In pregnancy, beta-hCG reaches its peak around which week?
• How many observations are required when calculating the standard deviation in the quality control context described?
• Which formula defines Positive Predictive Value?
• In a premenopausal woman, which estrogen is predominantly produced?
• Which hormone from the anterior pituitary stimulates milk production?
• Arsenic has high affinity for which tissue, used for long-term exposure assessment?
• Which condition is listed as a cause of a low osmolal gap?
• In hyperlipoproteinemia with high VLDL, which plasma appearance is typical?
• Which statement is supported by the notes regarding osmolality testing?
• In electrophoresis scatter, which pattern is associated with large particles?
• Two types of hypoglycemia and hours?
• What are the two specimens typically used for osmolality determination?
• Which markers are used to monitor for recurrence after breast cancer treatment?
• What is the rule of CV acceptability in method validation?
• What percentage of cholesterol is endogenous (liver) according to the material?
• Which pipet category does not require calibration?
• FT3 is normally tested only when which two test results are observed?
• In the MDRD equation, how many variables are used?
• Which pattern best describes the immediate/acute-phase response on electrophoresis?
• Which test is associated with serotonin in the protocol?
• Which of the following is a mineral electrolyte commonly measured in clinical chemistry?
• Bisalbuminemia and analbuminemia are inherited in which pattern?
• Which LD isoenzymes decrease when stored at 4°C?
• Levels of control are described as which categories?
• In TLC, the retention factor (Rf) is calculated as which ratio?
• Which method is described as a reference method for HbA1c testing?
• Gestational DI is caused by which mechanism?
• Which of the following is a known contributor to hyperkalemia?
• Extra bands in plasma and hemolyzed serum during electrophoresis and their locations?
• Which MS technique is typically used for drug analysis?
• Which biomarker is not an enzyme but rises earlier than CK-MB in AMI?
• In the condensation method, what color indicates formation of Schiff's base with glucose?
• The isoelectric point is the pH at which a protein has a net charge of what?
• In the Fiske Subbarow phosphate assay, the UV measurement is performed at which wavelength?
• What is the expected result of an overnight dexamethasone suppression test in primary hypercortisolism?
• Which complication is listed as the most common in phlebotomy?
• Pipets by Design differentiate contain vs deliver. Which term corresponds to contain?
• Which Fredrickson Type corresponds to familial hypercholesterolemia due to LDL receptor defect (high LDL and total cholesterol)?
• What are the reference ranges for AST and ALT?
• Abrupt loss of albumin is most commonly associated with which condition?
• Type 1b is Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes, characterized by no autoantibodies.
• According to the rule of normality and molarity, which relation holds?
• What is the method used for sweat chloride testing?
• Which plastic is autoclavable primarily for temperature tolerance?
• Threshold limit value is the allowable exposure for an employee during an __ hour day.
• In the pathway, which sequence best describes the conversion: DHEA to testosterone to estrogen?
• Which urinary metabolite is measured by the Zimmerman Method using dinitrobenzene and yields a purple color?
• What is the alkaline reagent provided in the Reitman Frankel reaction?
• Which term describes the relationship of one quantity to another by division?
• Hyperglycemic hormones are released at what plasma glucose level?
• What bilirubin level constitutes a panic value for kernicterus?
• Which of the following lists the four colligative-property changes associated with high osmolality?
• A perfect Gaussian (normal) distribution occurs when which measures of central tendency are equal?
• Which test increases specifically in ESS/NTI?
• Conn's syndrome is another name for which disorder?
• Which enzyme catalyzes the initial carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate with bicarbonate to form oxaloacetate in the described pathway?
• Tartrate inhibits which ACP source?
• FTI is a product of TT4 and which factor?
• Fructosamine is indicated in which conditions?
• Which statement best aligns with the material regarding insulin?
• Clark-Collip oxalic acid precipitation is used to precipitate calcium with which reagent?
• Which follicle is selected to release the ovum and give rise to the corpus luteum?
• Which term is one of the 5S principles in Lean manufacturing?
• Plasma ACTH levels in ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome are typically:
• In laboratory terminology, a method with documented accuracy and precision is referred to as what?
• Which method is enzymatic (GLDH) for ammonia determination?
• Which tumor marker is associated with Lewis antigen status?
• In flame photometry, which color corresponds to barium emission?
• Which coenzyme is required for AST and ALT transaminase reactions?
• Which enzyme's decrease is clinically significant?
• The Kjeldahl method estimates protein content by measuring which element?
• In the Free Thyroxine Index formula, T3U is divided by what value?
• In the Berthelot method for ammonia determination, which color is produced that is detected colorimetrically?
• Major substrate precursor of adrenal cortex hormones?
• Which plastic is autoclavable due to chemical and temperature resistance?
• In polarographic glucose oxidase assay, to prevent reformation of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide, which substances are added?
• During pregnancy, after the first trimester, which structure is the major producer of progesterone?
• If K2EDTA is collected before serum or a light-blue tube, which tests are erroneous?
• In the Modified Abell-Kendal method for serum cholesterol, what modification is used compared to the standard LB method?
• Routine renal function testing commonly measures which biomarker?
• Which of the following is NOT a core component of lipoproteins?
• In Beer's Law A = a b c, which statement is correct?
• Type I and Type II water are used as which type of water in CLSI terms?
• Which technique is an amperometric method?
• Which condition presents with elevated T3 but normal T4 (T3 thyrotoxicosis)?
• Which of the following is a measure of dispersion?
• Which HbA1c method is described as the preferred method for measurement?
• Which of the following is listed as an amphetamine-like substance?
• To convert percent w/v to molarity for a substance with molecular weight MW, which formula gives M?
• HDL precipitation requires triglyceride levels to be below what value for efficiency?
• Which automatic micropipettor operates like a hypodermic syringe for viscous samples with constant aspiration force?
• What is the major cause of a shift in assay results?
• Which equation correctly represents the Michaelis-Menten model for velocity v as a function of substrate concentration [S]?
• To diagnose diabetes, HbA1c must be at least what value on two occasions?
• Which hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
• Hypermagnesemia can result from which condition?
• Which technique is more sensitive than fluorometry?
• Which combination of reagents is used in the Kjeldahl digestion step for protein analysis?
• GGT is often elevated more than tenfold in which condition?
• Which light source covers the spectrum from ultraviolet to visible?
• What is the SI unit of enzyme activity?
• The highest CK elevation is observed in which condition?
• Which enzyme is common to both enzymatic triglyceride measurement methods?
• Which acids are graded as 2 in the laboratory severity scale?
• Sweat chloride analysis can be quantified by which two methods?
• Absorbance formula as given?
• Which metal is associated with two diseases named Pink disease and Minamata disease?
• Which condition is listed as a cause of hypernatremia due to increased intake or retention?
• What is the alternative for BUN enzymatic tests as sodium fluoride inhibits urease?
• Which method is used for phosphate determination as described?
• Osmolality is calculated as Molarity multiplied by what factor?
• Which stopping agent is used in the Jendrassik Groff method?
• Which antigens are referred to as oncofetal antigens?
• Which test detects early renal complications in diabetes?
• Bronze diabetes is caused by deposition of which element?
• What creatinine value indicates completeness of a 24-hour urine collection?
• Which adipokine is inversely associated with metabolic syndrome risk?
• What does Multipoint refer to in kinetic assays?
• Which lipoprotein density range is 0.93 to 1.006?
• Which instrument is used for the colorimetric enzymatic cholesterol assay?
• A positive difference corresponds to which directional shift?
• Which copper reduction method is Benedict's variant that uses stabilizers such as citrate or tartrate?
• Which systems regulate water reabsorption in the kidney?
• Standard QC uses how many levels and how often?
• 130 mmol/L sodium is associated with the onset of hypokalemia due to renal threshold. Which option reflects this level?
• According to the data, what is the approximate peak time window for Troponin I after myocardial injury?
• The Krebs cycle yields how many ATP per acetyl-CoA under aerobic conditions?
• What is the arterialization temperature used in the procedure?
• In congenital adrenal hyperplasia, what hormonal pattern is typically observed?
• What is the critical range for potassium?
• Procalcitonin is increased in bacterial infection within which time frame?
• Acid cleaning solutions contain which compound in concentrated sulfuric acid?
• Lead exposure inhibits enzymes involved in which essential process?
• Which lipoprotein density is less than 0.93?
• In the 1-step GDM diagnostic method using a 75 g load, what are the thresholds for fasting, 1-hour, and 2-hour glucose?
• What is the reference range for the amylase:creatinine clearance ratio (SCUA)?
• Which two endogenous markers are used to estimate glomerular filtration rate?
• Pronounced elevation of LD is defined as which multiple of the ULN?
• What is the defining feature of monoclonal gammopathy on electrophoresis?
• In the CK-coupled enzymatic method, which cofactor is used in the final reaction and measured by UV spectrophotometry?
• Poppy plants are the natural source of which class of abused drugs?
• Which of the following is a cellulose derivative used as a support medium in electrophoresis?
• What is the main driving force of the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffering system?
• Which is a gamma globulin protein?
• Acid phosphatase (ACP) often has optimal activity at pH approximately:
• Which BAC range corresponds to the euphoria stage?
• Which are precipitation agents for protein turbidimetry?
• Cori disease (Type IIIa) is due to deficiency of which enzyme?
• What color is produced in the Evelyn-Malloy color reaction?
• In spectrophotometers, which dispersive element provides linear wavelength dispersion?
• Which two analytes increase when serum is stored at room temperature?
• Intestinal alkaline phosphatase is more commonly seen in secretors of which blood groups?
• Which statistical test is used to assess precision (variance)?
• Which test is used as a confirmatory test for primary hyperaldosteronism?
• Which is described as the second vital buffer in the blood, acting as the principal buffer of red blood cells?
• Increased breakdown of albumin is seen in which condition?
• Which dye-binding reagent is used for total protein measurement?
• In scintillation counting, a crystal gamma counter is used to detect gamma-emitting isotopes such as which of the following?
• What is the first step in method evaluation?
• Which statement identifies the least effective compensation for metabolic alkalosis?
• CFU/mL stands for what?
• In flame photometry, which color corresponds to potassium emission?
• Deficiency of alpha-1 antitrypsin is associated with mutation in which gene?
• Triglycerides require fasting for how long to ensure accurate measurement?
• What is the relationship between triglyceride levels and thyroidism?
• ApoA1 main distribution and function?
• Spectrophotometry measures what type of light?
• What is the first and most important screening test for evaluating thyroid function?
• Which equation expresses absorbance in terms of percent transmittance?
• CK-BB is primarily associated with which tissue type?
• When a standard curve has good linearity, what does y represent?
• Which combination represents the 4Fs risk factors for liver disorders?
• In Asia-Pacific BMI categories, obesity is defined as BMI greater than:
• Type 2 diabetes mellitus is non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
• Mercury exists in three forms. Which option correctly lists these forms?
• Which test is used to confirm hypoglycemia in the diagnostic workup?
• The two toxic effects associated with Aminoglycosides and Vancomycin are:
• In the refrigerator test pattern, which observation corresponds to No CLOT and Clear Plasma with Increased B band (Pattern 2a)?
• Which of the following is a ketose?
• Xanthine oxidase catalyzes the conversion of purines into which compound?
• What is the reference range for urine amylase?
• Panic values of hypoglycemia are defined as which plasma glucose levels?
• Which is described as the most important component of HDL?
• Which term describes the process of determining if a patient has a disease?
• One consequence of squeezing the puncture site during collection is which of the following?
• Which hormone is highest in the morning due to diurnal variation?
• Which of the following is a glycopeptide hormone?
• Calibration of the pO2 electrode requires which standard?
• GDM is screened during which gestational window?
• Which Fredrickson Type corresponds to Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia (IDL, B-VLDL)?
• A protein composed of more than one polypeptide chain held together by non-covalent interactions has which level of structure?
• Which placental hormone is primarily produced in the first trimester?
• A negative difference is described as which directional shift?
• In Kjeldahl nitrogen determination, which two reagents are essential for the digestion step?
• What percentage of total NPN is urea?
• AST and ALT belong to which category in liver function testing?
• In electrophoresis isoenzyme numbering, which isoenzyme is the fastest migrating?
• Which additive is commonly used to prevent glycolysis in samples for glucose testing?
• Which of the following is also an indication for arterial puncture?
• In first-order enzyme kinetics, which statement is correct about limiting components?
• Which method is colorimetric for potassium measurement?
• Which hormone is produced entirely within the thyroid gland?
• What is the preferred specimen for most drug assays?
• How is the Therapeutic Index calculated?
• Positive displacement micropipettors are described as using which configuration?
• Symptoms beginning of hypoglycemia occurs at which plasma glucose level?
• Which term describes results used as legal evidence?
• Which method for glucose measurement uses hexokinase?
• Renal threshold for sodium excretion is typically between which values?
• Elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone is most characteristic of deficiency of which enzyme in congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
• Which pair correctly describes the two common methods for measuring bicarbonate in clinical chemistry?
• Prerenal azotemia is suggested by which pattern of BUN and creatinine?
• What is the reference range for total protein in serum?
• Which cell type is primarily responsible for the liver's metabolic and synthetic functions?
• Which statement correctly describes Metyrapone?
• Which term describes the migration of large ions in electrophoresis?
• Impairment of which hormone/neurotransmitter is linked to higher drug dependency?
• What is the major cause of a trend in assay results?
• Macro-CK or IgG-bound CK1 is associated with an apparent increase in which CK isoenzyme?
• In immunoassays for therapeutic drug monitoring, which description matches Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay?
• Another consequence of squeezing the puncture site is the introduction of what into the specimen?
• In the Hexokinase enzymatic glucose method, what activator is commonly used?
• For TCO2 measurement, which method alkalinizes all CO2 to bicarbonate for measurement?
• In a Lineweaver–Burk plot, a non-competitive inhibitor shows which change in Vmax and Km?
• The abbreviation VMA refers to which compound?
• What is the standard formula for percent transmittance in spectrophotometry?
• Calibration of the pCO2 electrode requires which standard?
• The syringe plunger contains trace elements due to the material; which elements are present?
• Mercury exposure is classically associated with Pink disease.
• Which plastic is used for graduated cylinders and centrifuge tubes?
• The GLDH-coupled method for ammonia determination uses which cofactor with glutamate?
• Which statement correctly describes the percent liver damage for hepatitis and cirrhosis?
• In the correlation of results, which expression defines the rate with respect to antigen concentration?
• In acute pancreatitis, amylase typically peaks at approximately how many hours after onset?
• Which acids are graded as 4 (Severe) in the laboratory severity scale?
• Which lipoprotein has protein greater than cholesterol as its major component?
• Which instrument is used to measure divalent ions and trace elements via photometric methods?
• Post-prandial ADA glucose goal is below what value?
• Which organ is the first affected during hypoglycemia?
• In the presence of a competitive inhibitor, adding substrate will?
• Which parameter best reflects overall patency of bile flow?
• Which amino acids contribute to protein absorbance at 280 nm?
• Glucose binds to which site on hemoglobin?
• Mature alpha-HDL returns cholesterol to the liver via two pathways. Which statement correctly describes these pathways?
• Which lipoprotein contains the highest phospholipid content?
• What is the ferritin reference range for healthy adult men?
• Km is defined as substrate concentration at what fraction of Vmax?
• Which molecules form the ammonium-selective membrane in ion-selective electrodes?
• The dilution factor D is defined as
• In advanced liver fibrosis where hepatocytes are largely destroyed, AST, ALT, and LD levels are typically:
• Which signaling mechanism involves the hormone remaining bound to the adjacent target cell?
• Which dye is most commonly used as a calcium-binding dye in spectrophotometric assays?
• What are the three major electrolytes for osmolality (distinct from osmolarity)?
• Which drugs are considered first-generation antiepileptics that require therapeutic drug monitoring?
• In the 3 diazo reagents setup, what is Diazo B composition?
• In hyponatremia, plasma osmolality is typically:
• In clinical chemistry, NPN stands for?
• Gc-Globulin is also known as which protein?
• Which markers are associated with hepatic detoxification function?
• What is the stated exponent of the meter?
• In tetany due to hypocalcemia, the calcium level is typically which of the following?
• Which of the following is a direct expression of Beer's Law relating absorbance to concentration and path length?
• Which of the following are recognized contributors to potassium loss (LESS K)?
• Fructosamine measurement is unreliable in hypoalbuminemia when albumin is at or below what level (in g/dL)?
• Which of the following is an example of a proliferation signal inhibitor?
• Which condition involves tissue damage due to iron overload?
• Which drug is used to treat hyperuricemia by inhibiting xanthine oxidase?
• Potassium levels in ectopic Cushing syndrome are typically:
• SST and PST can cause decreases in which two drugs?
• Which micropipettor uses suction to draw liquid into the tip?
• Which statement correctly matches the metabolic actions of epinephrine and cortisol?
• Decreased creatinine clearance indicates which of the following?
• What is the recommended lancet length for adults?
• In ethanol impairment, what is the second stage?
• Which dye is used in calcium dye-binding method besides CPC?
• Which bands are included in the general APR classification?
• Which mnemonic corresponds to 'magnesium in, calcium out'?
• Which equation correctly represents the Henderson–Hasselbalch expression for pH in terms of bicarbonate and carbonic acid?
• The colloid inside thyroid follicles is primarily composed of which protein?
• Which statement correctly pairs primary hypergonadism with its typical cause?
• In the Lean 5S framework, what is the fourth S?
• In males, LH stimulates which cells to produce which hormone?
• Which element is considered a glucose tolerance factor in type 2 diabetes mellitus?
• Modified Van Handel Zilversmith method modifications?
• Which statement correctly contrasts polyclonal and monoclonal gammopathy?
• Which two enzymes help distinguish bone from liver disease when ALP is increased?
• Which trace element tends to bind sulfhydryl groups in proteins?
• What is the FT3 reference range for females?
• Which apolipoprotein’s function includes acting as an LPL cofactor?
• In the AST determination using the MDH step, which enzyme is used?
• What color is produced in the Jendrassik Groff color reaction?
• Which statement accurately describes the Tanzer-Gilvarg CK determination method?
• When should neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism be performed?
• In the Reinsch test, which color indicates mercury?
• Which immunoassay type is heterogeneous and uses microparticles in a solid phase with enzyme-labeled antibodies?
• What is the relationship between Thyroid Hormone Binding Ratio and Thyroxine-Binding Globulin?
• Which plasma protein has the highest affinity for thyroxine (T4)?
• What is the reference range for serum amylase?
• The smallest endocrine gland secretes which hormone?
• Which lipoprotein is the most atherogenic lipid and the primary marker of coronary heart disease?
• Which LD isoenzyme is cold-labile?
• What is the NCEP goal for HDL cholesterol?